| time independence
What are the properties that make two given elementary particles identical? Classical mechanics gives mass and charge. In addition, quantum mechanics gives energy and spin. Energy and spin are both quantized in theory and in practice (verified by experiments). However, the extension of mass and charge into the quantum domain caused insurmountable problems for theorists but not for experimentalist. There are still no theoretical bases for the quantization of mass and electric charge from first principles. Although the minimum experimental mass value of the lightest fermion is still undetermined when talking about the electron neutrino, the experimental mass of the electron (supposedly 2nd lightest fermion) is experimentally determined as 9.11x10^{-31} kilogram. The electric charge of the electron is experimentally determined as -1.6x10^{-19} coulomb. As already mentioned these values have no theoretical bases for their validity. Their theoretical subtleties have yet to be discovered.
On the other hand, bosons likewise possess quantized energy and spin but no quantized mass or charge. However, the minimum mass value is set at zero for many bosons for example: photon, gluon, and graviton. All three also have zero electric charge, although gluons do have color charge. To be continued..
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Time independence: [∂E(g)]²=[∂F(a)×∂r(a)]·[∂F(b)×∂r(b)] and Mass independence: ¶a(t)·¶r(t)=c²
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