[AntonioLao]

In the mathematical science of statistics, the simplest measure of variability or dispersion is known as the range. By applying this important concept to the entire physical universe, it is reasonable but may not be entirely practical to say that a universal thermal range exists.

Range is defined as the absolute difference between the largest and the smallest measured value of a particular physical quantity, for example, temperature. Although the physical quantity of temperature is not additive, like that of mass and energy, still it is more meaningful and more practical to find averages and differences of temperature over a given time interval. Bear in mind that the key to its definition is by introducing the concept of time. Without time, thermal range is physically meaningless. On the other hand, the pre-statistical definition of entropy is the ratio of heat energy over the thermal range with a predefined thermodynamic system regardless whether this is an open system, closed system, or an isolated system. Ideally, open systems allow the exchange of mass and energy, closed systems allow the exchange of just energy, and isolated systems do not allow any of these exchanges at all.

Conversely, the arrow of time is defined as the direction of increased entropy, while in turn entropy’s mechanical definition is fixed on the concept of thermal range. In this respect, a universal thermal range could theoretically be used to determine the age of the universe. Furthermore, this is a directly proportional relation. For a particular thermonuclear fusion system like a star, its thermal range is millions of degrees. The average age of stars is billions of years, indicating that the constant of proportionality is three factors of 10.

For a human being, the thermal range is merely a few degrees, giving an average human lifespan of approximately 85 years. At face value, this would imply that a hot person lives longer than a cold person by assuming that age is proportional to the kinetic energy. However, the kinetic theory of heat asserts this connection exclusively to the average temperature not singular temperature difference or thermal range. The average body temperature of a healthy human being is 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit, giving a human thermal range of 30 degrees if the ambient room temperature is set at 68.6 degrees. Understanding the subtle relationship between the thermal range and the lifetime of a thermodynamic system could lead to a breakthrough in resolving the feasibility of both cold and hot thermonuclear fusion, in reaching the 4th state of matter (plasma).

Universally, the plasma state has been verified by astronomical observations to last billions of years. Nonetheless, the fifth essence of the soul or the spiritual state of existence should no doubt last forever, assuming that its thermal range is infinity.