[AntonioLao]

In the most ordinary descriptions of the world, the only things to worry about are the independent changes of potential energy and kinetic energy. No more can be said for kinetic energy than the following: it is always velocity dependent, and for unit constant mass, it is directly proportional to the square of velocity. Moreover, its formulation fits the variance of 2-particle system with a factor of ½, K.E. = ½mv. Extending to relativistic description, it becomes a 1-particle system with variance’s factor equals to unity, K.E. = mc. On the other hand, potential energy could well depend on position as much as on velocity, when position dependence, it almost fits descriptions by scalar potential, when velocity dependence, it can only fit descriptions of vector potential. Realistically, it depends on both at all time. This manifested more prominently at very small time of the quantum domain. As a principle of quantum mechanics, it had been well established that at constant mass the product of change in position and change in velocity is a number greater or equal to Planck’s constant of action. However, a question remains unanswered. Why the mass factor is constant? Mass is exclusively a property of particle, while energy, as widely accepted, is a property of both particles and field (waves). In the strictest sense, both particles and field should have been exclusively dependent on energy and not at all on mass. Fortunately, energy is quantized but mass is not. The quantum of energy is called a photon.

Since the pioneering works of Gregor Wentzel, the gauge condition had been established mainly to eliminate all the bugs found in any quantum field theory. This was used to justify the independence of both scalar and vector potential, which amount to changing the number of degrees of freedom. Zero degree for particle and infinite degrees for field. Conventional wisdom says that it is impossible to have it both ways: big and small, far and near, rich and poor, good and bad at the same time for a total perspective or point of view of a given situation or condition. The truth is that reality is dually ruled by both scalar potential and vector potential. Internal physical constraints rule the former while external physical constraints rule the latter. The boundary separating these two distinct types of constraint holds all the properties for describing particles or all objects enclosed by closed surfaces. Nevertheless, the undeniable existence of magnetic field strongly suggests that all these enclosed surfaces of matter must at the least contain a hole or say a window between inner space and outer space in order for interactions to occur. Nonetheless, the quantum vacuum is windowless, it has no inside or outside. It just is. It does not interact unless during total contact.