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Robert;
Since bob and I both misread the chat-room time as AM we had a small chat; So I have attempted to answer your 5 questions here.
((Why is Dark Energy needed? ))
Dark Energy may be misleading here since it is intended to mean a "Force" similar to gravity but acting in an opposite manner. When it was discovered that the universe expands at a greater rate as we observe objects at greater distances, science needed to explain this phenomena that contradicted the standard model.
Dark energy is hypothesized as another force of nature so small that it dose not play a roll until the distance between galaxies are so great that attracting gravity force between them is less than the dark energy repulsive force and thus causing the universe to expand faster. In reality, they don't know the cause of the acceleration of the universe.
((What is the proof that Dark Energy exists? ))
None has been fabricated yet.
((What are the paradoxes that Dark Energy resolves? ))
No paradoxes, only the contradictions to the "Standard Model".
((Are there other explanations for these paradoxes? ))
The Theory of Everything will give the real solution as the simple fact that as the process that produces gravity decreases it produces a decrease in the space density at greater distances from the original "Big Bang". Its like saying the refractive index of space decreases so the expansion becomes faster.
((What exactly is energy anyway?))
The term “ENERGY” is applied to many phenomena to reference a quantity of force or influence between objects; however, all these forms of energy are summed up as nothing more than “matter in motion”. All energy equations define energy or force in terms of physical entities in their various states of changing motion. Too often energy is proclaimed to be another entity of the universe and assumed to be independent of matter – it is not.
Best regards;
Dave
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