[AntonioLao]

Physical data gathered globally from ice cores, seabed sediments, boreholes, tree rings, tree lines, stalagmites, and pollen can all serve as temperature proxies for testing climatic changes of warming and cooling trends.

From 750 B.C. to 200 B.C., a cooling trend was recorded in Egyptian papyrus before the rise of the Roman Empire. Activities of dams and canals buildings indicated decreasing flood levels. The level of Lake Victoria in Central Africa and sea level around the world also decreased during this 500 years period.

Next 400 years, from 200 B.C. to 600 A.D. is known as the Roman Warming with plant proxies’ grapes and olives growing farther north. Heavy precipitations contributed to flooding in the Nile and increased the levels of lakes world round.

Next 500 years, from 440 A.D. to 900 A.D. is known as the Dark Ages signified a climate catastrophe in 540 A.D. where and when the trees stopped growing in Northern Ireland and around the world. This is caused by cosmic dust blanketing the earth and almost blocked out the sun completely. In 800 A.D., the Black Sea was frozen. In 829 A.D., the Nile was icy.

Next 400 years, 900 to 1300, is known as the Medieval Warming. Many great castles and cathedrals were built indicating abundant harvests to feed large labor forces for undertaking major constructions. Even Greenland was cultivated by the Vikings covering their settlement with grape vines and called it “Vinland.”

Next 500 years, 1300 to 1850, is known as the Little Ice Age. Global human adaptations suffered. Cool loving oak trees were reported as far south of the Sahara Desert.

From 1850 to the present marks the return of a warming trend and a resurging of warmth-loving beech trees in southern Ontario replacing the cold-loving pines and oaks. If the pattern holds out, this period should end by 2250.