[AntonioLao]

Extensive studies have concluded that cosmic rays entering earth’s atmosphere could well be responsible for uniform spreading of low cloud covers. These are formed when cosmic rays ionized gas molecules into seeds of water droplets. These do not necessarily become rain drops rather they create cooling or heating effects by a blanket reflecting ultraviolet radiations from the sun back into outer space while insulating earth’s own internal heat from escaping. Furthermore, a galactic cycle of 135 millions years have also been found to coincide with the variability of cosmic rays as the Solar System rotates around the inhomogeneous densities of the spiral arms of the Milky Way.

This world around low cloud cover has the ability of shielding earth from the continuous celestials blasting of solar winds which are primary factors for global warming when their energies are trapped. However, these dynamic processes give rise to a negative feedback loop: increasing clouds lead to decreasing average global temperature. Although the heat gradient in earth’s interior is very high it only contributed little surface heat exchanges between lands and oceans even with heat vents in the depth of sea floors. Warming the earth is almost 100% radiative heating, not much convective and much less conductive. Therefore, it is reasonable to say that the ice ages throughout earth’s history are consequences of periods where and when the intensity of cosmic rays dominates that of solar winds.