If the supposed spacetime continuum is expanding then so must be the spacetime of atoms, in which case where is there a universal reference to measure the expansion? The only direct evidence for the supposed expansion is the red shift of distant galaxies but this assumes that the star systems that themselves consitute the galaxies are not expanding or no expansion would be possible. In other words the expansion of spacetime must relate to matter as an absolute standard. If this is so then space and time derive from matter and have no independent existence. This is the case in a discontinuous universe where independent atoms are synchronously projected as in a cosmic movie. Light originates from within atoms and it defines space in each primary interval of time relative to each atom as it exists as a discontinuous particle. Atoms oscillate between a particle form and a formless/timeless quantum energy equivalent. Relative motions distort the synchronous projection of atoms resulting in the contraction of space-time in the centers of stars where heavier atoms are fused. Relativistic effects result from the contraction of the integrated fabric of space and time. Gravity is associated with the synchronous projection of all atoms everywhere at once and adjusts matter space frame by space frame everywhere at once. So galaxies are cells creatively regenerating their own stellar populations by their relative angular motions and the red shift is due to synchronous distortions between them over great distance alone. The whole of space-time is not necessarily expanding at all. This interpretation is fully consistent with the evidence and these effects necesarily derive from a discontinuous universe.
Best regards,
Bob
www.cosmic-mindreach.com.