| More about proper time:
For quantum mechanical particles with mass, there is always a finite 'intrinsic' proper time rate, represented by the 'phase' of the quantum wave. For all quantum mechanical particles with no mass, the proper time is always zero and they always travel at the speed of light. And the candidates for zero proper time particles are gluons, gravitons, and photons.
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Time independence: [∂E(g)]²=[∂F(a)×∂r(a)]·[∂F(b)×∂r(b)] and Mass independence: ¶a(t)·¶r(t)=c²
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