The Shape of the Universe

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The Shape of the Universe

This is a chapter of a paper which is proposed as a model for the Theory of Everything. For examining the principles, readers are either referred to look at the Singularity as a Seperate Entitiy in the ToeQuest Research Library or you may browse the whole paper at:

www.universaltheory.org.

This article suggests a source for dark energy or dark matter.

The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe ( WMAP ) the newest probe launched by NASA in 2002 has determined, within the limits of instrument error, that the universe is flat.

Flatness Problem

What does geometry of universe mean?

Shape of our universe has been a matter of debate for long-time. The main possibilities were the universe being spherical, flat or saddle like. (31)

In 1917 Einstein introduced the cosmological constant in order to explain how our universe is not falling into itself because of gravity and stays static. Without such a constant, gravity forces the universe to collapse. This cosmological constant would act against the gravity and stabilize the universe. According to its value the constant would allow for an expanding, contracting or static universe. It also proved necessary in mathematical calculations. Of course he chose a particular value for it, which would permit a static universe. The nature of this constant was not known or explained completely at the time.

This is an explanation for the origin of the cosmologic constant effect released by NASA recently

"The results of the WMAP mission and observations of distant supernova have suggested that the expansion of the universe is actually accelerating which implies the existence of a form of matter with a strong negative pressure, such as the cosmological constant. This strange form of matter is also sometimes referred to as the "dark energy". If dark energy in fact plays a significant role in the evolution of the universe, then in all likelihood the universe will continue to expand forever." (31)

When in 1929 Hubble's observation showed that universe is expanding and is not static, Einstein himself regarded the cosmological constant unnecessary, and everybody accepted a zero value for it and accepted it as a non- contributory factor.

The introduction of Big Bang theory introduced the force, which is responsible for expansion of universe despite the presence of the gravity. Although it was supposed that gravity will slow down and stop the expansion sometime in the future. That is, if the density of matter in the universe exceeds the critical density.

Critical density is that density of matter which if we exceed it, the gravity has the strength to contract the universe, if cosmological constant is zero. At critical density the shape of universe will be flat. Above critical density the shape of it will be convex and spherical. If the matter density fell bellow critical density the shape of universe will be concave and it will expand forever.

We already know that space is nearly flat. That means that Omega M (world density/critical density) has to be 1. That is, if cosmological constant is zero.

In January 1998 Alex Pilippenko in Astrophysist Conference in Southern California announced that cosmological constant could no longer be taken as zero. Different cosmologists reached to this point after long-term observation of supernovae IA in longer red shifts (far distances more than 3 billion light years away)

Supernovae research has been used to measure the amount of red shift and expansion rate of the universe.What does it mean?

For one, to have a flat universe we need to have

Omega M + Omega Lambda (The effect of cosmological constant in the expanding universe) = 1

On the other hand it gives us the good news that big crunch will never happen, because the universe is going to expand forever. Then there comes this feeling of emptiness and the chilling sensation that our descendants will stay lonely in an infinitely vast and cold universe. One may say that, our own galaxy or branch of galaxies, which remain as closed system, has lots of new places to explore. Why do we have to be so ambitious and greedy to dream about intergalactic traveling?

Is there an end to human race greed?

Is there an end to evolution's ambition?

Are we a dead end branch of evolution?

Is there an alternative for cold and disperse universe in the future?