Théophile de Donder, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_de_Donder, demonstrated that a chemical force called affinity exists which determine the direction of chemical reaction rate analogous to Fourier’s heat propagation and dissipation (the force in this case is the temperature gradient). This force increases in absolute value when the system in question is driven far away from a particular chemical equilibrium.
Analogously, the Universe possesses orthogonal forces which can be used to determine its rate of space-time expansion. These orthogonal forces are primary forces of equal magnitude but these can only exist in the local infinitesimal domain of space-time. Globally or macroscopically, many of these forces group together and all these different groups appear as secondary forces to which include the force of gravity, electromagnetic force, and the weak and strong nuclear force.


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