Thank you for the very pertinent web site article which I find very interesting and I hope to read the whole, in due time. I think he is talking about the very cosmological reality that I was trying to explain in my book. In particular he wrote at the beginning of page 4: "When cosmological coherence is mentioned it is within the framework of absolute time and absolute 4D space." This is exactly what I was talking about when viewing the universe as a whole; it has an absolute time frame and the radiant energy or light, has constancy when viewed on the cosmological scale. He uses words like "dilatons being 5D spcaetime waves." I talk about the gravitational and inertial waves that constitute the quantum particle existing in the fifth dimension of cosmic reality.
Thanks again, I find the article a bit deep for me but very interesting.
To continue with the book "Cosmic Vision", Part II, The Physical Cosmos, Chapter II, forces and Quantum,
Paragraph 5.
Sir Isaac Newton was able to work out three basic laws of motion and these are very important to understand the fundamental forces operating in the cosmos. Newton's first law of motion states that a body in motion or at rest will continue to move in a straight line or stay at rest unless it is acted upon by an external force. Newton's second law of motion determines the strength of a force which is necessary to accelerate an object. The strength of the force is measured by the product of the mass of an object, multiplied by the amount of its acceleration which is its unit rate of change of its velocity. The third law simply states that for every action or force there is an equal but opposite reaction or force. This means that for every change of state of rest or motion of an object, there are are two forces involved that are equal but opposite. This third law applies to forces that act simultaneously on at least two objects. If two equal and opposite forces act on the same object then that object is in a state of rest or equilibrium.
Paragraph 6.
A force can be regarded either to be active or potential. An active force is one which actually affects the state of rest or the motion of an object. A good example would be if a car which is at rest is moved by the power of the engine and its motion is accelerated. Here the force is active. However, when the car is at rest the power or force is still available but is not active; it can be regarded as potential. When the car is moving in a straight line and at constant velocity the power or force is used to overcome the resistance of the air and the friction of the road but is not active in accelerating the car. Potential forces are also observed from an object that is in a state of rest or equilibrium - for example a lamp hanging from the ceiling. The force of gravity is trying to pull the lamp down, but the tension in the cord that is holding it up to the ceiling, prevents the force of gravity from moving the lamp. There are two forces equal but opposite acting on the lamp that keep it in a state of rest.
The rest of Chapter II, of the book Cosmic Vision, Forces and Quantum, examines the various forces in nature and it is basic physics that most High School students learn at school. I want to jump to:
Chapter III,
"The Unifying Force Theory."
Paragraph 1
Albert Einstein and Max Planck have clearly established that the wavelength of a photon, which has no relativistic or rest mass, depends on the frequency or the number of individual quanta each contains. A photon, which moves at the velocity of light, is affected by the gravitational force of matter which bends its path and if the gravitational pull is constant, no matter how weak it might be, it would eventually bend it into an orbit. This bend would increase if the gravitational force is increased, and the consequence would be that the radius of the circular orbit would decrease. If the gravitational force is strong enough and the radius small enough, it could eventually form a black hole.
In a black hole situation, the gravitational pull is so strong that not even radiant energy can escape. This radius is known as the Schwarzschield radius and it will increase as its mass or energy is increased. This is so because the radius of a black hole is directly dependent on its mass and two permanent constants in nature, the velocity of light and the universal gravitational constant. The radius cannot decrease because nothing in nature can move faster than the velocity of light which is its escape velocity. In the black hole structure there also exist two equal but opposite conservative forces, the kinetic and gravitational which prevent a black hole both from falling into a singularity and from expanding unless it receives external mass or energy.
Thanks Cosvis, I am always keen on reinforcing and expanding my physics knowledge, and this book seem to outline and elaborate the points quite succinctly. May I ask if any personal opinions were inserted into the book? Or is it purely factual, because you seemed to have discretely embedded personal reinterpretations, maybe it's just me...
Best regards
Zelta
__________________ "Science is organized knowledge. Wisdom is organized life"
"But although all our knowledge begins with experience, it does not follow that it arises from experience."
"Happiness is not an ideal of reason, but of imagination."
I think you are right Zelta, when you suggest that I have inserted my own interpretation into the book. I tried to study what scientists have discovered and in order to obtain a new or slightly different understanding of reality, I tried to look at it from a different angle, or you might say, in another way. For instance, I believe when Einstein worked out his special theory of relativity, he showed the law of time dilation which says that when an object travels at the speed of light, the time factor becomes zero. Here, I speculated, that Einstein had discovered a new dimension, the fifth or quantum dimension, which is a special case of the fourth dimension. I believe Einstein had a difficulty of combining the fourth dimension and the quantum dimension, because he restricted himeself to the fourth dimension.
In the fourth dimension, no particle with rest mass can travel at the speed of light since according to the laws of special relativity, as the object gains speed it also gains in kinetic energy and mass; it requires infinite energy for the object to travel at the speed of light and its mass would become infinite. However, this is impossible and thus the object will never be able to travel at the speed of light. Quanta particles on the other hand, do travel at the constant speed of light, and they consists of a quantisize quantity of energy which is its frequency times the constant of the quantity of a Planck. Here we have a different world, the quantum world, which has its own physical laws and which gives a different understanding of physical reality.
I feel both dimensions of physical reality, the fourth and the fifth, are necessary to gain a proper understanding of physical reality and of the universe. In Einstein's time quantum physics, was a new science and I feel it was Einstein himself who contributed greatly to its development. However, I think, Einstein might have failed to see the connection between the fourth and the fifth dimension because there was no necessity to speculate about the fifth dimension. The fact that the idea of the Big Bang theory seemed to explain the origin of the universe, Einstein even dropped his theory of the universal constant, the theory that in the universe there exists a force that counter acts the expansion of the universe to make it stable.
I think, it was only later when the quantum world was better known and scienists knew about black holes and astronomers where able to discover them in the comos, that we were able to work out new theories of the origin of the universe. We were also able to better understand the link between the fourth and the fifth dimensions of the universe and use this new understanding in gaining a better understanding of the beautiful universe in which we live.
I feel, Einstein did a lot of the ground work which inables us now to get a better understanding of the physical universe. Our understanding might still be speculation because in the physical sciences we can not talk about certainties. When Newton discovered the laws of motions and the laws of gravity, scientists only talked about Newtonian understanding of physical reality in three dimensional terms. This lasted until Einstein came along and showed, reality could also be viewed from a four dimensional perspective. This gave us a far greater understanding of reality and we were able to discover the reality of the atom, subatomic particles and nuclear power. May be, when the physical universe is studied from a fifth dimensional perspective, from the quantum dimension and in relation to the other dimensional perspectives, we might be able to discover new and greater realities that might also bring greater benefits to humanity.
Albert Einstein and Max Planck have clearly established that the wavelength of a photon, which has no relativistic or rest mass ...
A photon certainly has no rest mass but, if you choose to discuss its relativistic mass (which I prefer not to, since IMHO it can cause a lot of confusion) you cannot say that it is zero. This can be shown from special relativity on invoking the equation , where I've used to denote the relativistic mass. Then, we find that . I think you probably mean to use the term non-relativistic, or inertial.
Quote:
In a black hole situation, the gravitational pull is so strong that not even radiant energy can escape. This radius is known as the Schwarzschield radius and it will increase as its mass or energy is increased.
I have a pedantic but, IMHO important point to make here: one can only say that the event horizon for a black hole coincides with the Schwarzschild radius for a non-rotating black hole; i.e. a Schwarzschild black hole. Then it is true that this radius depends only upon the mass parameter of the black hole (, using geometric units, c=G=1, with M the Schwarzschild mass parameter.) For rotating black holes, the event horizon also depends upon the angular momentum of the black hole.
Other than that, your post is a good summary.
__________________ ~neutralino
If you haven't found something strange during the day, it hasn't been much of a day - John A. Wheeler.
Thank you for pointing out that a photo has non relativistic mass while at the same time it has no rest mass. A photon must have some kind of mass, non relativistic mass, since it is affected by gravity and it does affect electrons on the atomic level. Also, I am grateful for pointing out that the Schwarzschield radius applies only for non rotating black holes. I was mainly speculating about the possibility of the whole universe being a huge black hole including all masses and energies. If this is so than the universe would be basically a non-rotating black hole since there is no energies coming from without that could give it a rotation.
If I may just revert to a previous question from Zelta, concerning inserting my own interpretation or speculation to scientific theories. I think, this is a proper procedure in acquiring a new or deeper understanding of physical reality. I am not trying to deny facts that have been proven correct, but it is possible to give a new theory, or a new interpretation to facts that have been proven correct. I was thinking of the Big Bang theory which strongly relies on two facts, the microwave backgound radiation coming fom every part of the universe and on the redshift of the light coming from distant galaxies.
The cosmic microwave background radiation is believed to have emanated from the primordial fireball of the big bang which is thought to have originated the universe. At its priomordial state the universe was extremely hot and as the universe expanded, this microwave radiation decreased to the temperature it is today which is of a frequency range about 3x10^11 to 3x10^8 hertz.
The redshift coming from distant galaxies is interpreted to be due to a Doppler effect which indicates the speed that two objects separate. The greater the red shift, the greater the speed that the objects separate. The astronomer Edward Hubble discovered that the greater the distance of the galaxies the greater the redshift and thus an increase in the rate at which the velocity of recession increases. He was able to work out the Hubble Constant according to which the age of the universe could be determined.
If the universe however, was not started with a big bang, but is a non rotating black hole, as I speculate, than the fact of the microwave background radiation could be interpreted to be the cosmic temperature of the universe; because every black hole has a temperature due to its size and its quantity of mass and radiant energy. Similarily, if the universe is a black hole, it must have a universal gravitational force and thus the redshift coming from distant galaxies might not be due to a Doppler effect, but may be due to a gravitational effect. Einstein had speculated that light is affected gravitationally when it passes through a gravitational field, and this effect is observed in its redshift. The greater the gravitational force, or the longer the light passes through the grvitational force, the greater is its redhift. This is my speculation and I cannot assert that it is true, but if it is true, than the longer the light travels through the universe the greater its gravitational redshift. This could mean that the universe may not be expanding, but the reshift of the light coming from distant galaxies is an indication how long the light has been traveling through space.
I would like to point out that this is only my speculation or interpretation of the facts of the redshift and the microwave background radiation in regards to the uninverse. I can not claim to prove it because I am not a scientist.
Hi Cosvis, I like your theorizing very much, but may I point out a fact of theory about black-holes, you may not be aware of, as you stated; "because every black hole has a temperature due to its size and its quantity of mass and radiant energy." According to my understanding of black-hole dynamics, the thermodynamic laws are thought to operate in inverse order, i.e., a black-holes temperature receeds to 0K, as internal mass/gravity increases, by squeezing out/in, or freezing motion, and they also possess no external gravity, and most likely spin at tremendous velocities of rotation. However; this does not mean the universe could not theoretically be a non-spinning black-hole, as you theorize...
If you check these facts of theory, and agree with them, see how this may fit your thinking...
Regards,
Lloyd
__________________ "To develop the skill of correct thinking is in the first place to learn what you have to disregard. In order to go on, you have to know what to leave out; this is the essence of effective thinking." Kurt Godel "Time and space are modes in which we think and not conditions in which we live." Albert Einstein "The uncertainty principle is an absolute, finite, universal constant." L.G. "The tick-tick-tick of the cesium atom is a sliding-time-scaler constant of all finite universal motion." L.G.
Thank you for your observations and I certainly agree when you say that the temperature of a black hole receeds or decreases to 0 K as its internal mass / gravity increases. This must be because as a black hole increases in mass / energy its radius increases. As we can observe from the Schwarzschild radius formula which is 2 G M / c^2. The radius of a blackhole is directly depended on its mass / energy quantity. If a black hole gains infinite mass / energy its radius is infinite and its temperature becomes zero.
Inside a black hole its mass and energy can interchange. Mass can be converted to energy or quanta particles, and quanta particles can be converted into mass. This process can be continuous as I have speculated for the black hole universe. However, quanta particles can not loose its movement because it can not loose its energy. This is so because a quantum particle is the smallest quantity of energy which is the amount of a Planck constant. Thus a quanta particle cannot loose its momentum because it can not loose any energy otherwise it would not be a constant and then energy would not be conserved. Thus not even a black hole can loose its internal momentum or its movement. A black hole can only loose its energy by loosing it externally, but this is impossible otherwise it would not be a perfect black hole.
In my eternal evolving universe theory, all mass / energies are included in a the black hole formation and thus its radius is stable, e.g. it cannot expand. Also, it cannot increase in mass / energy from without because all of it is included in the universe, thus we can speculate that its cosmic temperature is basically stable which I like to believe is indicated by the stable microwave back ground radiation. Also, we could speculate that the reason why the universe has a cosmic gravitational constant, is that its mass / energy quantity is constant. The univese cannot loose any energy because its gravitational force at its event horizon is so strong that not even radiant energy can escape. Inside the universe mass can be reduced to quanta particles or radiant light and this in turn can be converted back to mass, but the total quantity of mass / energy remains constant.
I am not quite sure what you mean when you say that a black hole has no external gravity? I thought that the gravity of a black hole is so strong that it even pulls in radiant light and all matter that comes close to it. If this is so than a black hole certainly has gravity that has an effect outside itself. But you might mean something completely different. If the universe is a black hole and all matter, mass and energy are part of a black hole than there is no mater, mass or energy that exists outside itself. Thus, there exists nothing outside the universe on which the black hole universe can have a gravitational effect and in this case the black hole universe has no external gravitation. I am not quite sure if this is what you mean?
Just a note, but if 'gravity' is found in even the tiniest of 'things', then surely it must exist everywhere, in everything? (In the form of a 'spectrum' of near zero, to near infinite?)
For me, it makes much more sense to say that Space (moving from 'energy (wave)' to 'substance(particle)' states, and back again) is the One thing that exists infinitely, with energetic properties that we divide conceptually into 'motion', 'gravity', etc. That's why the wave-structured theories appeal to me, because they are a plausible explanation, and do not need 'hidden extras' to make them 'work'.
pif.
__________________ People look after the things they have affection for. It is thus essential that we learn to have affection for the planet that sustains us.
"The sense of threat from every quarter of what is known as the Establishment – which is to say, of modern civilization – is not altogether a put-on or an act for many of these young folk, but an actual condition of soul. The break-off is real, and what is being bombed and blown up outside are actual symbols of interior fears." - Joseph Campbell
Re: The eternal evolving universe. 
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