I come now to Chapter II of my book The Physical Universe and it deals with the missing mass of the universe.
CHAPTER II.
THE MISSING MASS.
The basis of all the theories of a so called “free lunch universe”, is the acceptance of the idea of a quantum or a vacuum fluctuation. This fluctuation which theoretically allows the creation of matter and anti matter out of nothing, is based on the uncertainty principle found in quantum mechanics. However, such a theory seems to violate the laws of logic and a very important law of physics, the law of conservation of energy and momentum.
If the energy of the universe came into existence due to an uncertainty then the whole universe could be considered to be basically irrational. It would have come into existence just by chance. If in fact energy could just pop into existence out of nothing it certainly violates Einstein’s basic law of conservation of energy and momentum which states that energy and momentum cannot be created or destroyed. This problem, however, does not arise if it is postulated that pure energy existed before the formation of matter and anti matter particles by means of quantum fluctuation. The formation of matter and anti-matter is basically not from nothing but from pure energy existing in a state of chaos from the beginning of time.
Let us leave aside for the moment the various cosmological theories which are ingenious and which certainly do try to solve scientific problems that confront the big bang cosmologists. It might be helpful to try to interpret some of the basic scientific laws and discoveries in a way that do not violate either reason or the fundamental laws of modern physics. This could give an alternate view of the physical universe and answer some of the remaining cosmological mysteries.
One of the remaining cosmological problem is the mystery of the 90 percent or more, of the missing mass of the universe. Scientists have known since the 1930 that all the matter observed in our galaxy, is insufficient to account for the movements of its stars. By 1980 it was calculated that there possibly exists about ten times more missing matter than the matter observed in the galaxies themselves. This assumption was made to explain the fact that stars and indeed the galaxies themselves, are held in place by several times more material than can be observed to exist in the galaxies and in the universe.
Only recently, scientists have also observed an unexplained extra tug of gravity that is slowing the outward bound movement of the two satellites Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11. This mysterious effect has also been observed in other satellites like the Ulysses probe, and the Galileo satellite that is orbiting among Jupiter’s moons.
This missing mass is referred to by scientists as dark matter but they are uncertain what it consists of. There are various theories and speculations. Some would say that there are many brown dwarfs, huge sun like masses but not big enough to start nuclear fusion to become stars. Others would speculate the existence of huge black holes in the centre of galaxies. These objects are called by scientists by the acronym ‘MACHOs’, standing for ‘massive astronomical compact halo objects’. Other theories talk about ‘WIMPS’ or ‘weakly interacting massive particles’ particles that consist of matter but only interact weakly with ordinary baryonic matter.
According to the big bang theory there are two kinds, the CDM or Cold Dark Matter which are particles that have come from the big bang but travel very much slower than the speed of light. The other kind is the HDM or Hot Dark Matter, particles that travel with speeds that are close to that of light. None of these CDM and HDM WIMPs particles have ever been directly detected; also a possible candidate would be one of the neutrino particles.
To continue with the problem of the missing Mass of the universe.
Missing Mass of the universe.
A possible answer to this problem of the missing mass or dark matter may be found by reexamining both Einstein’s relativity theory and the quantum theory. Max Planck showed that energy comes in entities that are known as quanta particles. Each quantum particle has a specific quantity of energy that can be measured. Albert Einstein showed that matter or mass can be changed into energy and energy into mass and that mass and energy obey the law of conservation, eg. it cannot be created or distroyed. The Quantum theory says that energy, which is electromagnetic radiation has two distinct features; it moves like a wave and acts like a particle. Werner Heisenberg discovered the uncertainty principle; the fact that both of these features are so linked that they cannot both be precisely determined at the same time. Einstein also proved that light, photons or electromagnetic radiations are affected by gravity and have momentum by the photoelectric effect. Einstein’s general theory of relativity holds that the gravitational mass and inertial mass is equivalent.
If photons or quanta particles are affected by gravity and have momentum they possess the qualities of mass. However, since the quanta particles move at the speed of light, the particles have no measurable length due to the Lorentz-Fitzgerald contraction. Quantum energy is finite and it is conserved; in other words, it cannot increase in mass and energy, and it cannot loose any mass or energy. These facts make the quantum particle a very unique entity. It moves at the speed of light, its mass and energy is conserved, its length cannot be measured and it has both gravitational and inertial properties. It is like mass but a very special mass that does not act like ordinary relativity mass. Ordinary relativity mass can increase and decrease its mass and energy and it is affected by its speed which can not be as great as the speed of light. I like to call this special zero rest mass or non-relativity mass, virtual mass, because it has the qualities of gravity and inertia but it is not affected by relativity.
This means that the quantum particle acts and behaves like other massive objects both by gravity and by inertia. Quanta particles can act upon each other by gravitationally attracting each other. However, while it cannot increase the quanta’s speed, it can bend the direction of the quanta particles’ movements.
The energy (E) of quanta particles are well known and can be measured according to the formula:
E = f h
where (f) is its frequency and (h) is Planck’s constant. By using Einstein’s mass energy equation:
E = m c^2
it is possible to work out the virtual mass of quanta particles:
m^0 = ( f h ) / c^2
where m^0 stands for the virtual mass of quanta particles.
Let me just continue with the question of the missing Mass in the universe.
The mass of the quantum particle is called ‘virtual mass’ in order to distinguish it from ordinary or relativistic mass. Ordinary or relativistic mass is the mass of those particles that can have mass which can be measured when the particles are at rest and have no movement relative to another particle. The zero rest mass quanta particles cannot be at rest but are constantly moving at the speed of light. Relativistic mass or an ordinary mass particle can increase or decrease its speed and as its speeds increases, its mass will also increase. But the ordinary mass particle can never reach the speed of light because its mass would become infinite. The virtual mass particle has no rest mass and cannot increase its speed. It moves constantly at the speed of light, it cannot decrease or increase its speed, its virtual mass, its momentum or its energy.
If quanta particles do posses virtual mass it would explain many mysteries in the universe. It could explain the movements of the stars in our galaxy, the mysterious movement of galaxies in the universe or even the mysterious gravitational tug of the solar system on the various satellites. It would explain why photons have momentum, why they are attracted by gravity and it would explain why an object that increases its speed also increases its mass and momentum. These phenomena are scientifically verifiable and are according to Einstein’s special relativity theory.
The virtual mass of the quanta particles could possibly also give an explanation to the Heiselberg uncertainty principle. Since the quanta particles move at the speed of light, their length can not be observed and measured because of the Fitzgerald-Lorentz contraction. If their length can not be measured it is impossible to determined their position in space because they do not rest but are constantly on the move. As soon as one tries to place its position it has already moved. If their position cannot be determined, their momentum can also not be determined at the same time. However, both its virtual mass and its momentum can be measured separately as in the case of virtual photons of quantum mechanics. The virtual particles are responsible for a gravitational and kinetic force, they carry energy and can be converted into real mass.
Stephen Hawking speculated about black holes radiating energy, known as the Hawking radiation, which he said was due to the quantum uncertainty that allows for quantum fluctuation. Scientists like to speculate that the creation of the universe was due to quantum fluctuation where pairs of sub-atomic particles (matter and anti-matter) popped into existence out of nothing. If energy, quanta particles or electromagnetic radiation, however, consist of virtual mass which cannot be observed, it is more likely that quantum fluctuation is not a creation out of nothing but rather the formation of real mass or matter out of virtual mass. Due to the quantum uncertainty, this process could occur anytime anywhere but it is more likely to happen where the temperature and pressure are very high. This situation would be near the event horizon of a black hole as Stephen Hawking has speculated.
It is of great interest that experiments conducted at the Super-Kamiokande neutrino detector, have indicated that neutrinos have mass. Neutrinos come in three types: tau, muon and electron and each has its antimatter counterpart. In the experiments muon neutrinos were observed to change into tau neutrinos which could only be possible if the particles had some kind of mass.
While these experiments could possibly help in answering the question of the missing mass in the universe, scientists do not believe that they give a full explanation to the mystery. However, if it is possible to prove scientifically that neutrinos do have mass, than it might also be possible to prove the existence of virtual mass. If electro-magnetic radiation has virtual mass that affects both gravitation and momentum, it could explain the mystery of the missing mass in the universe.
Unfortunately, I will be away from this thread for at least two weeks.
I am glad to be back and I like to continue to share with you from my book: "The Physical Cosmos" that I have already written some time ago.
CHAPTER III.
THE FIFTH DIMENSION.
The success of Einstein’s special relativity theory was partly due to the fact that Albert Einstein recognised that the speed of light in a vacuum, is constant. While in a moving object viewed by an observer, the time, the length and the mass of the moving object depends on its speed relative to the observer, the speed of light would always be the same to any observer whether at rest or in motion. The fact that the speed of light is the ultimate limit of physical movement, and the fact that no physical object can move faster than the speed of light, are two very important elements that must be considered. According to our theory, nothing can move at the speed of light except quanta particles or virtual mass and their movements are constant in a vacuum. This fact places the quanta world in a very special dimension, different and unique from the other four dimensions or frame of references.
The ordinary understanding of a frame of reference is a set of reference axes for defining the position of an object in space. The first three dimensions or frame of references that give the length, breadth and height of an object are known as the inertial frame in which Newton’s laws of motion apply. In this inertial frame the object is seen as moving in a straight line at constant speed unless a force changes its motion. This frame of reference is considered to be at rest and this enables the position of an object in space to be defined at any moment of time. Albert Einstein suggested that all inertial frames are exactly equivalent to one another and all the objects in this frame of reference can be regarded to be at rest, and they could measure any other object in the universe, relative to their own frame.
This inertial frame of reference was good if the objects remained at constant speed, relative to one another. But Einstein showed that this was not always the case and when objects were accelerated or decelerated relative to one another a different frame of reference became operative. According to Einstein’s law of relativity, the law of time dilation altered the length of time of an object relative to another object depending on its speed. This formed another frame of reference known as the fourth dimension and it consists of a coordinate system that is linked to time. In this four-dimensional frame of reference known as the space-time continuum, the frame of reference consists of a set of four coordinate axes, three spatial and one of time.
Would moving observers agree on the Planck length? Perhaps the Planck length is "special" in the way light is. This is the basis of DSR (Double Special Relativity) that you can Google.
I would say that the Plank length is constant to all, independing on the movements of the observers because the Plank particle, in my understanding is part of the fifth dimension of physical reality like all the other Planck units of the Planck constant like its mass, its time, its speed of light and its gravitational constant. To my understanding of the Planck particle, all these constants make up the basic units on which physical reality is based since the Planck constant is the basic unit of energy of all physical reality or physical matter which consist basically of energy.
May I continue with my ideas of "The Fifth Dimension."
Newton’s inertial frame of reference works when objects do not change their speed relative to one another. As long as the objects move at the same speed their position and movement can be measured in the same three dimensional frame of reference. However, as soon as their speed alters relative to one another, they operate in a space-time continuum where Einstein’s special relativity laws come into play. The difference is not very noticeable until the speeds come near to the speed of light. Ordinarily, Newtonian frame of reference is used when measuring the movements of objects on earth, or even the movements of the earth, moon, planets and stars. The difference is very noticeable, however, when calculating the speed of sub-atomic particles that come close to the speed of light.
While matter or ordinary rest mass objects may move at the same speed, relative to one another and so form a Newtonian inertial frame of reference, their movements are not always constant and do change. As soon as there is a change, the fourth dimensional space-time continuum comes into force. In regards to quanta particles, this is not possible. Quanta particles cannot increase or decrease their energy, their virtual mass, momentum and their speed. This fact places the quanta particles in a very unique Newtonian frame of reference that I like to call the fifth dimension. The fact that quanta particles or photons travel at a constant speed in free space or vacuum, is a fundamental constant that does not change in the universe and it is one of the fundamental basics on which rest Einstein’s relativity laws.
One of the puzzles in quantum mechanics is that signals between the quantum particles seem to be travelling backwards in time, as if there exist instantaneous communication between them, even when they are widely separated. This strange phenomenon might be explained by the notion of the fifth dimension. Viewed from the fourth dimension in which we live, relative time has stopped because according to the time dilation principle of the special relativity laws, relative time becomes zero when the particles move at the speed of light. This does not mean, however, that the electromagnetic particles have stopped moving or that time in the fifth dimension has stopped progressing second after second. It means that for us in the fourth dimension observing the fifth dimension the time dimension is the same throughout this frame of reference. This means that events seem to happen simultaneously throughout the fifth dimension independently where ever they may be. This would give the appearance that there does exist instantaneous communication among the particles even if they are far apart; this could give the appearance as if signals between the particles seem to be travelling backward in time.
This idea of a fifth dimension will be very important when examining the black hole and its implication to sub-atomic particles, a grand unifying theory and indeed, the universe as a whole. If a fifth dimension does exist in which quanta particles operate, it could fundamentally change our understanding of physical nature. If the physical nature of the universe has a fifth dimension, it naturally includes all the other dimensions.
From our common experience, we are all familiar with the Newtonian inertial frame of reference in which we observe the existence and movements of massive objects. The scientists have proved that a fourth space-time dimension exists in massive objects that change their velocity relative to one another. The fifth dimension places the quanta particles, the photons or electromagnetic radiations or virtual mass, in a frame of reference that is unique and universal. It is the base dimension that will help to explain many of the still outstanding mysteries of the universe.
nothing is something. this phrase expresses the essential nature of concept. containing everything needed for a rational evolution of structured energy.
so why do you assume becuase a precieved origin of life that is from energy conveniently already in existence true?
it must be convenient (suited to personal comfort or to easy performance)?
A very interesting statement "nothing is something", than what is it? To my understanding "Nothing" is "Nothing" and it is opposite to what is. I feel this is rather a philosophical or even an epistomological question which I feel is not a good place to discuss here, because we are dealing with physical reality and science, and not so much in philosophy.
But to give a brief understanding of what I mean when I talk about "being or reality", it is the opposite to what is "nothing". A being has a few characteristics by which it can be identified. A being has somekind of existence, it is intelligible, it is basically good, it is true and it is beautiful. It is opposite to nothing because nothing has no existence, it is not intelligble, it lacks goodness, truth and beauty.
To me there exist three basic kinds of beings or realities. Physical reality which we all experience and which is the object of physical sciences; they have there own laws, means of observation and methods of examination like the mathematical laws. Another kind of reality are rational or philosophical realities that are govern by logic and laws of reason; and they would include the philosophical sciences, history and the arts. The third kind of reality I call the transcendent, religious or personal reality that involve our free will and the acceptance of revelations; these would demand faith in a God that has revealed himself in history.
It is opposite to nothing because nothing has no existence, it is not intelligble, it lacks goodness, truth and beauty.
Using this form of logic, would "nothing" lack badness, falsity and ugliness as well, Cosvis? Would it not be neutral between goodness and badness, and therefore be better than badness?
A very interesting statement "nothing is something", than what is it?
hi cosvis,
nothing is something; it is nothing. it does not matter if you understand that as a possibility this concept has a place at every table.
where as an origin from energy already in existence is not possible, becuase it still does not deal with origin (close does not count) and as a concept is found at the convenience store.
without addressing a clear and possible foundation, these questions will always haunt you.
thats all i was trying to say.
Re: The eternal evolving universe. 
Linear Mode
