[cosvis]

Hi to all,

I would like to continue sharing from my book: "The Physical Cosmos", Chapter V, "A Black Hole." , coming to the end of the chapter, I was talking about Stephen Hawking's speculation about quantum fluctuation:

Quantum fluctuation is due to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle operating in nature where matter and anti-matter is formed. Stephen Hawking speculated that quantum fluctuation forming matter and anti-matter occurs just outside the event horizon of a black hole. He further speculated that this pair of matter and anti- matter could exist for a very brief moment of time before dissolving again. But in this brief moment of time it could happen that one part of the paired particle matter fell into the black hole, the other part gained energy from the black hole and could thus escape into the universe. By this means, he said, a black hole could lose energy and could possibly even explode forming a white hole. It was even speculated that this could have been the big bang or the creation of the universe.

Quantum fluctuation could be interpreted as the mechanism by which the universe transforms quanta particles or virtual mass into massive objects like sub-atomic particles. This process would not violate any principles. The pair of matter and anti-matter would not just pop out of nothing but are formed from the quanta particles which posses virtual mass and both gravitation and momentum.

This concludes Chapter V, "A Black Hole", and I will continue with Chapter VI, next time. I just want to make a remark about Hawking's speculation. I believe that Stephen does no longer accepts the speculation about "white-holes" bursting forth and evaporating black-holes. This might be so, but I feel, his speculation of the quantum fluctuation might still be valid.

If according to the eternal evolving universe theory, the greatest force in nature, consisting of kinetical and gravitational potential energy and forces, are situated at the event horizon of a black-hole, then it could be speculated that the quantum fluctuation could occur within the event horizon forming matter and anti-matter. The energy used to form the matter and anti-matter comes from the black-hole itself and it would not affect the external dimensions of the black-hole.

Yours Cosvis.

[cosvis]

Hi to all,

Continuing from "The Physical Cosmos."

CHAPTER VI.

A THEORY OF EVERYTHING (TOE).

As mentioned earlier in this work, “GUTs” stands for grand unified theories which encompass different physical models trying to describe the behaviour of the four different fundamental forces or fundamental interactions between the particles. The endeavour is to be able to describe all these forces or interactions by one neat mathematical formula. If such a theory exists it is sometimes called the “TOE” (theory of everything) and is regarded as the Holy Grail of modern science.

In the middle of the 19th century, James Clerk Maxwell (1831-79) discovered the mathematical equations which determined the behaviour of the electromagnetic force in nature. His equation contained the constant “c” which was equal to the velocity of light. He thus showed that light was a form of electromagnetic radiation that is propagating through space by a wave function. Maxwell had discovered and described two facets of the same fundamental interaction that is known as electro- magnetism linking electricity and magnetism.

In the middle of the 20th. century other theories that included quantum mechanics successfully described other fundamental interactions. For instance, quantum electrodynamics (QED) was able to correctly predict the behaviour of the interactions of charged particles like electrons and protons. In 1960 scientists discovered a mathematical theory which combined the QED theory with the weak interaction known as the electroweak theory. The next step was to find a mathematical theory that would combine the electroweak theory with the strong nuclear interaction which holds the particles of a nucleus together. The strong nuclear interaction is thought to arise by the exchange of gluons between quark particles held within the protons. This theory is known as quantum chromodynamics (QCD).

The reason why scientists find it difficult to encompass the fundamental force of gravity into a grand unified theory is the extreme weakness of the force of gravity compared with the other three forces of nature. It is speculated that gravity is passed from one massive object to another by a hypothetical massless particle called graviton. Some scientists have proposed a mathematical theory known as the string or superstring theory which envisages one-dimensional point-like entities that operate in different dimensions and seem to possess the properties of gravitons.

To be continued.

Yours Cosvis.

[cosvis]

Hi to all,

Continuing with Chapter VI. "A Theory of Everything (TOE)."


Most scientists today view a possible solution to the TOE theory to be the discovery of a particle that is of such a high-energy scale in which all the other fundamental forces in nature are united. They speculate that the electromagnetic force mixes with the weak nuclear force at the electroweak scale which has an energy level of a 100 GeV (Giga-electrovolt) forming two electroweak forces. These two new forces unite with the strong nuclear force at the GUT scale with an energy level of 10^16 GeV. According to the string theory this force will merge with gravity into a single “superforce” at the string scale which has an energy level of 10^18 GeV. At this level all the fundamental forces of nature become as one. Some scientists envisage even a Planck scale with an energy level of 10^19 GeV which has a length of only 10^-35 (m). At this scale, gravity would become comparable in strength to the other forces.

Unfortunately, such high energy levels, as far as I know, can not be reached experimentally at the moment. However, theories suggest that at the beginning of the big bang such high energy levels did exist. All the forces of nature were as one at the beginning of the big bang. Then the different forces separated or were filtered out at the different energy levels which were reached as the universe expanded and cooled. As the universe expanded and cooled its energy level was lowered.

This is the common held theory at the moment concerning the different fundamental forces of nature and the connection that exists between them. Just as matter and anti-matter can be formed by means of quantum fluctuation, it seems that the different forces also were formed at the beginning of the universe when the temperature and pressure were at the different electrovolt energy scales. The question one could ask whether there could possibly be another explanation for the beginning, nature and connections that exists between the different fundamental forces in nature?

To be continued.

Yours Cosvis.

[cosvis]

Hi to all,

Continuing from the book: "The Physical Cosmos", Chapter VI: "A Theory of Everything (TOE)."


According to the TOE theory proposed in this work, finite energy existed in the universe from the very beginning of time as well as the fundamental laws that governs the cosmos. Energy basically consists of quanta particles that have virtual mass, momentum and gravity. These quanta particles always move at the speed of light (c), and have a constant quantity of energy known as the Planck constant (h) which has a value of 6.626 x 10^-34 Joule seconds. Since these quanta particles have both virtual mass and momentum they consist of both gravitational and kinetic energies and act as a gravitational-kinetic force. Thus the weakest fundamental force in nature is not purely gravity but is one that is composed of two, gravity and an equal but opposed, kinetic force.

In this theory these quanta particles in the pure state, exist in a frame reference of the fifth dimension. In this state physical time is zero when viewed from the fourth dimension. In this state of quanta there is no acceleration or deceleration because all the particles move at the same speed of light. In this frame of reference physical time is zero and the special relativistic laws of Einstein are like those described by the Newtonian laws. Pure energy consists of quanta particles that have virtual mass and both kinetic and gravitational forces and energies. These quanta particles are conserved which means that they cannot be created or destroyed. This pure energy is in a state of chaos that is controlled by basic fundamental laws of nature like the Heisenberg uncertainty principle and quantum fluctuation.

It is due to quantum fluctuation that this pure energy can be formed into sub-atomic particles like neutron, protons, electrons and all the other sub- atomic particles. This process occurs best in a region of very high density and temperature which could possibly exist at the event horizon of black holes. Once the formation of sub-atom particles have occurred, pure or virtual mass has changed into relativistic mass moving with a speed that is less than the speed of light. This means that these rest mass particles exist in physical time or in the fourth dimension where they are governed by the normal laws of Einstein’s relativity.

To be continued.

Yours Cosvis.

[cosvis]

Hi to all,

Continuing with Chaptet VI, "A Theory Of Everything (TOE)."


A further speculation in the theory here proposed, is that the basic sub-atomic particles like the electrons and protons could possibly be mini-black holes with an inner event horizon and an outer horizon where the electric charge is operative. If the charge in the outer event horizon is negative like in an electron, its inner charge would be positive. Conversely, if the inner charge is negative, the outer charge would be positive like in a proton. Furthermore, in the case of the proton which has internal particles like the different quarks particles, these too could possibly be mini-black holes with different internal and external charges.

In John Gribbin’s book ‘IN THE SEARCH OF THE EDGE OF TIME’, he mentions that Stephen Hawking suggested the possibility of the existence of mini black holes as small as one hundred thousandth of a gram. These, it was suggested, might have been created at the beginning of time. If quantum particles have always existed from the beginning of time, these could be continually be formed into mini-black holes in the form of sub-atomic particles at the edge of an event horizon of black holes where the pressure and temperature could be high enough for this process to occur by means of quantum fluctuation.

John Gribbin also mentions in his book, that two Russian scientists Yakov Zel’dovich and Alex Starobinsky, had discovered that rotating black holes could create particles of energy and could eject them into space. Interestingly, later in the book, John Gribbin says that the effect of rotation on the space time geometry of a black hole is similar to the effect of an electric charge and that the angular momentum of a rotating black hole opposes the inward pull of gravity.

The theory proposed in this work, holds that an electron is possibly a rotating mini-black hole which has an outer electric negative charge with an inner positive core within its event horizon. This electrical charge is due to the movement of the quanta particles and thus the interplay of the gravitational and kinetic forces of the virtual masses of the quanta particles within and without the event horizon of the mini-black hole electron. In other words, the electric-magnetic force is in essence the quantification of quanta particles, or rather the quantification of the gravitational-kinetic force of the quanta particles. The electric-magnetic force, the second fundamental force in nature could thus basically be a quantification of the gravitational-kinetic force, the most fundamental force of nature.

To be continued.

Yours Cosvis.

[cosvis]

Hi to all,

Continuing Chapter VI: "A Theory of Everything (TOE)."

In this theory it is possible to understand a photon to be a virtual particle carrying an electro-magnetic force known as a boson particle, between two charged or magnetised particles. A photon is basically a quantity of quanta particles or a quantity of electromagnetic radiation which is a combination of electric and magnetic forces and energies. It has no rest mass because quanta particles continually move at the speed of light and thus it is a virtual particle, it can never rest and can never be observed. It can not be seen due to Einstein’s relativity law of length contraction eg. an object moving at the speed of light has zero length. However, a photon has both gravitational and kinetic energies and forces which can be measured as shown by Einstein’s photoelectric effect.

The next fundamental force in nature is the weak nuclear force or also called the weak interaction. It is observed that when a neutron particle breaks up it forms a proton, an electron and an anti-neutrino. It is about 10^10 weaker than the electromagnetic interaction and it is observed to exist between leptons and in the decay of hadrons like in the beta decay of particles and nuclei. An understanding of this force is possible when examining the structure of a neutron particle according to the theory proposed in this work.

A neutron particle when it breaks up, forms a proton, an electron and an anti-neutrino. According to the theory, both the proton and electron particles are mini-black holes with inner cores and outer charged radii but with different masses and opposite electric charges. The inner core of a proton is negative and its outer core is positive. An electron, on the other hand, has a positive inner core and a negative outer radius. Both particles have gravitational and kinetic energies and it is well known that like electrical charges repel each other and unlike electrical charges attract each other.

If the proton and electron particles are only electrically combined they would form a hydrogen atom. However, in order for an electron particle to come closer to the inner core of the proton particle, it needs extra energy and force to combine the two particles to form a neutron particle. This extra energy or force is needed for the outer negative electrical charge of the electron to overcome the negative charge of the inner core of the proton particle and also for the positive inner electron core to enter the outer positive radius of the proton. This extra force is the weak interaction which is quite unstable and only has a mean life of twelve minutes when the neutron particle is outside the nucleus. This weak interaction is a lepton like a photon and consists of quanta particles and thus also basically consists of a quantity of the gravitational-kinetic force.

Thus, the weak nuclear force is basically also a quantification of the gravitational-kinetic force that is carried by the quanta particles similar to the electro-magnetic force. There is a difference, however, between the weak nuclear force and the electro-magnetic force. The electro-magnetic force consists of a definite quantity of quanta particles that forms an electron particle and similar to the gravitational-kinetic force is long range. The lepton that acts as a weak nuclear force while it is also composed of quanta particles, operates between the proton and electron in a neutron particle to hold the electron in the outer radius of the proton particle. Its range would therefore, not be long range but rather in a short range because once the neutron dissolves into the different sub-atomic particles, the electron is no longer held in a close bond to the proton particle.

To be continued.

Yours Cosvis.

[cosvis]

Hi to all,

Continuing with Chapter VI, "A Theory Of Everything (TOE)."


The strong nuclear force or the strong interaction is about 10^2 times stronger than the electro-magnetic force. It acts mainly between the protons and neutrons or the nucleons of a nucleus of an atom, holding them together, giving the nucleus its stability. Similar to the weak nuclear force, its range is short, only about 10^-15 metre, but it is carried by virtual particles known as mesons. These mesons constitute different kinds of quark particles that are speculated to exist within the protons according to a gauge theory called quantum chromodynamics.

According to the theory here proposed, the strong nuclear force is like the weak nuclear force in so far that its range is short operating only within the radius of a nucleus of an atom. However, it is much stronger than the weak nuclear force because it holds different nucleons, protons and neutrons within the nucleus of an atom and not just electrons. The strong nuclear force is so strong because it has to combine particles with similar electrical charges eg. the positive charged particles together which would have a tendency to repel each other. However, if the protons are mini-black holes they would have event horizons that separate the very small inner cores from the much large outer cores. If these inner cores or the event horizons of the protons were very close then the gravitational kinetic force of the black holes would be strong enough to overcome the electro-magnetic forces of the particles that would try to keep them separate. This strong gravitational-kinetic force acting between the event horizons of the nucleons are the virtual mesons particles.

The inner cores of the nucleons consisting of protons and neutrons, would be black holes which have the same electrical charges and these would prevent them from combining because same electrical charges repel each other. However, the gravitational force of the black holes of the inner cores of the nucleons attract each other and keep them within the boundary of the nucleus. The virtual mesons particles that carry the strong nuclear force consists basically also of a gravitational-kinetic force. Thus the strong nuclear force is also a quantity of the gravitational-kinetic force just like the electro-magnetic and the weak nuclear forces.

To be continued.

Yours Cosvis.

[cosvis]

Hi to all,

To conclude Chapter VI, "A Theory Of Everything (TOE)."


The TOE theory here proposed, combines all the different forces of nature consisting basically of quanta virtual particles that carry a specific gravitational-kinetic force. These basic quanta particles or forces are conserved and cannot be created or destroyed because they make up the basic pure energy of nature that existed from the beginning of time. These quanta particles or gravitational-kinetic forces come in different quantities making up the different fundamental forces or interactions in nature among sub-atomic particles. These four basic interactions or forces are of two kinds. The first two consist of the most basic which is the gravitational-kinetic force carried by quanta particles operating between all particles, and the electro- magnetic force that is carried by photon particles and operates between nuclei and electrons. Both of these forces are long range meaning that they extend throughout the universe and are govern by the inverse square law meaning that the strength of the force is inversely depending on the square of the distance between the two particles.

The other two fundamental forces in nature are the weak and strong forces or interactions which operate within the nuclei of atoms among proton and neutron particles. Both of these forces are not subject to the inverse square laws and are both short range meaning that they do not extend beyond the radii of the nuclei of atoms. Both the weak and the strong nuclear forces are carried by their own unique particles that consist of quanta particles or gravitational-kinetic forces. The main difference between these two nuclear forces and the first two forces is due to the internal structure of the sub-atomic particles between which these two nuclear forces operate.

The nuclear forces act between electrons, neutrons and protons which are mini-black holes with very small internal event horizon radii and a much larger wavelength radii with different electrical charges. The weak nuclear force operates within a neutron particle combining an electron sub-atomic particle within an proton sub-atomic particle. The strong nuclear force combines protons and neutrons atoms within a nucleus of an atom and is thus much stronger than the weak nuclear force because it has to overcome much greater electro-magnetic and gravitational- kinetic forces of the different nucleons.

The TOE theory here proposed does not destroy the basic knowledge of the four fundamental forces of nature but rather tries to give a different interpretation of how they are united and how they interact in nature. The theory here proposed only gives a very brief outline on a possible new direction in the investigation of the search for a complete theory of everything. It certainly does not answer all the questions but rather raises new questions that could lead to a new and deeper understanding of the nature of the universe.

To be continued.

Yours Cosvis.

[cosvis]

Hi to all,

I have just concluded sharing with you Chapter VI which tried to give a possible new "TOE" (Theory of Everything) and I come now to Chpter VII, "A Black Hole Universe (B. H. U.) taken from my book: "The Physical Universe."

CHAPTER VII.

A BLACK HOLE UNIVERSE (B.H.U.)

After reviewing some of the basic physical principles and laws that govern the universe, it is good to see how they apply to the universe as a whole. As it was mentioned earlier, it was Aristotle that maintained the logical and philosophical principle that an effect needs a cause. This would mean in the physical realm that a movement of an object must have a cause or a force that initiated the movement. Isaac Newton, many centuries later, discovered the laws of motion and showed that an object remains at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless it is acted upon by an external force. This means that the state of motion of an object is permanent unless it is affected by an external force. However, a moving object has momentum and kinetic energy that can be translated into a force to give or to change the state of motion of another object. Newton also discovered the law of universal gravitation and maintained that all the objects of the universe are gravitationally attracted towards each other. According to Newtonian physics the universe has only three physical dimensions and time is constant and does not affect the other dimensions.

Albert Einstein, in the 20th. century, discovered the special and general laws of relativity which maintains that time is not constant but depends on the motion of an object. The speed of an object will affect its length, its mass and its time. Thus, time is a fourth dimension of the universe. Einstein showed that no material object which has a rest mass, can travel faster than the speed of light because at this point its time dimension is zero, its length is zero and its mass would have to be infinite. According to Einstein’s physics all objects which have a rest mass in the universe are relatively related to each other depending on their motions.

Einstein also discovered the law of equivalence which maintains that the gravitational mass is equivalent to the inertial mass. He was able to relate mass to energy by his famous equation of:

E = m c^2

He maintained that the speed of light in a vacuum is constant and that photons or quanta particles which are the constituents of light, have a photoelectric effect which means that they have both momentum and are affected by gravitation.

To be continued.

Yours Cosvis.

[cosvis]

Hi to all,

Continuing Chapter VII: "A Black Hole Universe (B.H.U.)


It was Max Planck who first proposed in 1900 that electro- magnetic radiation can only be emitted or absorbed by small quantities of energy called quanta. This led to the quantum theory which viewed matter basically as a wave-particle duality and linked it to an uncertainty principle discovered by Werner Karl Heisenberg. This principle, fundamental to the quantum theory, states that the mass and the velocity of an object are so linked that they can not both be precisely determent at the same time.

Einstein did not at first fully accepted the quantum theory with its uncertainty principle because he found it difficult to incorporate it into his grand theory of general relativity. He spent the last thirty years of his life searching for a grand universal theory that would incorporate both quantum and gravity. This is still a great problem of modern physics today.

Einstein was attracted by the notion of a fifth dimension put forward by Theodor Franz Kaluza in 1919. This was a unified field theory that combined Einstein’s theory of gravity with Maxwell electromagnetic theory. Kaluza suggested that the fifth dimension was different from the other dimensions because it was “curled up” like a circle. The Swedish mathematician Oskar Klein suggested that the circle was as small as a Planck length, which is about 10^-33 cm, too small for any one to observe. While this idea of the fifth dimension of the universe was very appealing, no one could work out what this really meant.

The opposite idea may possibly be true that the fifth dimension is not a very small circle but rather comprises the universe as a whole. The whole universe consists of all the quanta particles or energy forming a super-symmetric fifth dimension. The quantity of quanta in the universe is not infinite but rather finite existing from the beginning of time. This would conform to the basic physical law that energy cannot be created or destroyed. This theory would also conform to the idea that the universe is not infinite in extent but rather limited to the space that encompasses all the energy and matter that exists.

To be continued.

Yours Cosvis.