Iron-56

[AntonioLao]

The most abundant and the most stable nuclei of the universe is the isotope Iron-56. As indicated by the binding energy curve of nuclei, Iron-56 has the most binding energy, shown by this image:



Whenever Iron-56 is used to generate energy from a fusion reaction or a fission reaction, no net energy can be produced. Iron-56 is composed of 30 neutrons and 26 protons. Since both numbers (30 and 26) are even numbers, they imply pairing excellence at the nuclear levels of physical reality.

[Graybeard]

So Iron-56 is not a candidate for cold fusion ......

cool bananas ... greg

[AntonioLao]

No. But it could be the fission product of radioactive cobalt isotopes or the fusion product of 2 aluminum nuclei, either way it takes more input energy than out energy. Cold fusion is finding the means of getting energy from the vacuum itself that uses much less input energy but a great amount of output useful energy.

[Graybeard]

No. But it could be the fission product of radioactive cobalt isotopes or the fusion product of 2 aluminum nuclei, either way it takes more input energy than out energy. Cold fusion is finding the means of getting energy from the vacuum itself that uses much less input energy but a great amount of output useful energy.

I didn't realise it was trying to get energy from the vacuum .... I thought it was trying to master fusion (fusing of nuclei) in the laboratory.

cool bananas ... greg

[AntonioLao]

The deuteron nucleus is composed of 1 neutron and 1 proton. Two deuterons can fuse into a Helium-4 nucleus and produce excess energy. To make them fuse, my idea is to alter the surrounding vacuum polarization by aligning their double intrinsic spin. This is different from the usual approach of colliding plasma particles. Altering vacuum polarization is the same as borrowing energy from the vacuum. But the uncertainty principle says that each energy loan from the vacuum must be repaid as soon as it is borrowed. However, altering the double intrinsic spin is the same as making the vacuum think that the borrowed energy is paid back without really paying it back. Similar to a bank robber who robbed the bank and got the money but the bank still think that the money is still in the bank.

[Fivedoughnut]

Hey Antonio, so your saying, like, that iron 56 is the most abundant stable element in the universe - what universe do you live in? ...... as in mine, hydrogen is around 70 x 10^3 times more plentiful.

[AntonioLao]

Can you support your figure for hydrogen around 70 x 10^3 times more? We get a different number each time we construct a theory of abundance. The abundances for both hydrogen and helium are the result of stellar calculation while that of Iron-56 were from indirect spectral analyses. Since Iron-56 does not react by fission or fusion, the calculated abundance is suspect. However, if we make the hypothesis that it is the most abundant then we can resolve the missing mass problem.

[Fivedoughnut]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundan...mical_elements

Game over


(Please stick to the forum rules and keep uninvited personal comments to yourself .... )

Graybeard (Mod)

[AntonioLao]

The elements - namely ordinary (baryonic) matter made out of protons and neutrons (as well as electrons) - are only a small part of the content of the Universe. Cosmological observations suggest that only 4% of the universe comprises the visible baryonic matter which constitutes stars, planets and living beings. The rest is made up of dark energy (73%) and dark matter (23%). The latter are forms of matter and energy believed to exist on the basis of theory and observational deductions, but their details are still the subject of research. They have not yet been directly observed and are not well understood.

My hypothesis is within the bold text that Iron-56 is a dominant form of dark matter.

[SteveA]

I was trying to find some correlations with my ideas and yours here, though instead I found a correlation with a specific Hadamard variant and thought I'd toss it up as I know it's a subject you're interested in.

Most of my ideas simply information theory, motion and resonance (rather much implied by combining motion with information theory). In this case we have synchronizations in motions in which objects can appear as stationary and described by harmonic structures (multiples of n).

There appears to be a close correlation to the binary exponential form of some Hadamard matrices:



(As a side note, it appears qualitatively that this could perform an operation similar to a transformaion between a time dimension and a space dimension)

Anyway, if we had some motions with the following wavelengths of repetition all being observed simultaneously:

6,7,8,9,10,11,12 (I selected an "octave" or 2:1 range of wavelengths because it shows better a fractal characteristic true on any scale, though we could use n:m ratios and still find recurring features on any scale of time)

We could see these are rings of linearly increasing length, all rotating in a vortex structure (though there could fundamentally be a spiral growth, but we have to quantize something) we could consider them similar to counting in different bases of representation though with all digits incrementing simultaneously. This would give us a maximum possible "space" of time that would be 6*7*8*9*10*11*12=3,991,680 periods long.

But these are not all relatively prime and do not fill all points within this "possible space", and we have to remove common factors (which generates a non-uniform distribution of actualities within this space):

If we grab all even bases and remove their common factor of 2, we can describe this as (where 6,8,10 and 12 have been reduced by a factor of 2):

2*(3*4*5*6)*7*9*11

We can then similarly repeat this for the common factor shared by our new 4 and 6:

2*(3*4*5*6)*7*9*11 -> 2*((4*6)*3*5)*7*9*11 -> 2*(2*(2*3)*3*5)*7*9*11

Anyway, if we look at how this proceed for any general range of wavelengths from n to 2n, we have a continual binary compression at each stage that continually removes the common divisor of 2 and this generates the subjective appearance of a chaotically interconnected "force" (due to coincidental interaction) along these "rings" or different wavelengths. The reason why I describe it as nested rings is because if we make the assumption that all objects move at a fundamentally equal velocity in space or time, then a specific wavelength is similar to a loop in space and it's most natural to intersect all wavelengths at an observational point, and if we quantize these into discrete wavelengths, it creates a structure like this:



Though when the synchronizations in motion are observed, it distorts the view.

If I correlate these prime structures to the specific progressive variant of Hadamard matrices above, we can correlate each of these with the sequence of primes from left to right, like this:

The upper left image is the 2x2 matrix and could be seen similar to a reduction of the octave 2 to 4 by their greatest common divisor of 2 as 2,3,4 -> 3,(2,4) -> 3,(1,2)

In the next we could take the wavelengths 4 to 8 and do the same: 4,5,6,7,8 -> 5,7,(2,3,4) -> 5,7,(3,(1,2))

In the 8x8 matrice we could see this representating the compression 8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16 -> 9,11,13,15,(4,5,6,7, -> 9,11,13,15,(5,7(2,3,4)) -> 9,11,13,15,(5,7,(2,3,4)) -> 9,11,13,15,(5,7,(3,(1,2)))

etc.

Now these are only reducing factors of 2, but truly there are other structures that arise as well and depend upon other primes, such as 3 and this creates more a complex multidimensional structure.

Something to consider is that space could be constructed from communication via a string of objects and it could be that Iron-56 is fundamentally "heavier" if we include this "spacial material". It may be that the atomic weight of 56 is the local density above a non-zero density and that its structure in a fundamental form might be a pairing other than 26:30 and could be something like 27:31.

Also notice that in order to view some collection of n objects as a finite set, some observational reference greater than n is necessary in order to see a repetition of those objects and find them to be a closed set, hence, we could for example have an object capable of representing 2^5=32 states, see it's largest viewable object as being of length of 31 (32 or larger would appears as infinite (equal) or a creative/statistical/"random" object as it could not "fit" a prediction of more states that it could contain).

Though I can't figure out anything specific for Iron-56, there's an interesting correlation here with perfect numbers (which appear to hold some possible ways describing how conserved spaces can be reorganized into different dimensional representations).

Notice that if we have 6 objects (the first perfect number) we can arrange them linearly as 1+2+3=6 and have a single dimension that's 6 units in length, though if we separate these into 3 independent and dimensions, we can similarly describe this as arising from a rectangular volume of 1*2*3=6. So this is a manner in which to map, in a volume conserving manner, a 1-D to a 3-D space and also these are all relatively prime (which means each dimension could move synchronously in time and have no superpositions appear to compress/warp the space).

The next perfect number is 28 (notice that 28 is half of 56), which has the divisors 1,2,4,7 and 14 and:

1+2+4+7+14=28

If we similarly tried to construct a 5 dimensional space using the same idea as above for 6, we'd get:

1*2*4*7*14=784

But notice that if these dimensions were rotating properties synchronized in time, then we have common factors that would reduce this. For example, 7 and 14 share a common divisor of 7 and this would create a non-uniform superposition in this space, we also have a common divisor of 2 between 2, 4 and 14 (which ends up making 14 completely redundant and we'd really have the equivalent of a 4 dimensional space constructed by the quantities 1,2,4 and 7):

1*2*4(/2)*7*14/(2*7)=28

Though it's interesting to consider that one of the reductions by a factor of 2 might actually add a qualitatively different property, in which case the volume of this space would be 56.

... looks like yet an interesting possibility to consider.

Thanks for your ideas, Antonio.