The problems of finding maximum and minimum solutions to dynamic systems are classified as extremum problems. These have preoccupied research interest since the beginning of civilization. Quoting Lanczos: “Our walk in a straight line is the instinctive solution of an extremum problem: we want to reach the end point of our destination with as little detour as possible.” Thinking about forces, Lanczos’s comment seems to imply the existence of an internal force. Let’s call it the inertial force. On the other hand, what is it that externally motivated us to move in the first place? What is this destination he was talking about? For simplicity, let’s call this external agent gravitational force (attractive force). The common denominator between them is the existence of a unique ‘time axis’ such as everything in the universe has one, including the entire universe itself. The magnitude of this time axis is an absolute invariance of nature. Given a particle, the most its time axis can do is to point in another direction. Once a new direction is selected and oriented to, all the previous existential properties disappeared, while new ones are acquired. A good illustration of what is actually happening is the phenomena of quantum fluctuations in the infinitesimal domain of spacetime.

The true vacuum is a sea of virtual particles. The vacuum energy distribution is such that each virtual particle shared an equal amount of minimum energy called the zero-point energy given by [math]E_0=\\frac{1}{2}\\hbar\\omega_0[/math]. However, the dynamic of the vacuum allows these energies to fluctuate within a minimum value making the creation of virtual particles in a very short period of time. The intrinsic angular frequency [math]\\omega_0[/math] is related to the linear frequency by [math]\\omega_0=2\\pi\\nu[/math]. However, the linear frequency is the inverse of the period [math]\\nu=\\frac{1}{T}[/math] and the period is related to the lifetime of the particle. Since the entire universe would certainly have a minimum linear frequency that is close to zero, its maximum lifetime is close to infinity. Furthermore, if all the time axes are connected to the change in entropy, then at maximum entropy and minimum temperature all time axes are aligned.