[AntonioLao]

The struggle for life is a struggle between linearity and nonlinearity of four genetic bases (adenine-A, cytosine-C, guanine-G, and thymine-T) or if including uracil-U five genetic bases. The linearity is simply functional (1-to-1 correspondence in the mathematical tradition). However, the nonlinearity could be subjected to dysfunctional analysis (many-to-many correspondence). For each rung of the double helix functional linearity is strictly upheld. That is no ifs and no buts, A always pairs with T and C always pairs with G, in other words, purine always pairs with pyrimidine. However, along the pair of phosphate backbones, the dysfunctional attachments among these bases effect the sequence running amok into codons, introns, exons, genes, and finally chromosomes. When the doubly dysfunctional DNA molecules become randomized sequences then the result is a jumble of rarely transcribed junk DNA (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junk_DNA).