There is still no completely convincing answer to the question: “What is life?” Scientists from different disciplines most likely give different answers. But those people who called themselves biologists would certainly have much more to say since what they study is life itself, both plants and animals. However, although plants and animals share the same genetic bases, there is no proof that animals can ever evolve from plants or vice versa plants evolved from animals. These two-way missing links remain a mystery of biology.
On the other hand, physicists would say that the fusing links of life are the hydrogen bonds. These molecular bonds hold the phosphate backbones with the complex sugars of each DNA molecule. The resulting structure is called a double helix, which can be observed by x-ray crystallography. In the final analysis, scientists agree that the supports of life are the protein molecules (biomass), while complex sugar molecules produce the necessary bio-energy for bodily functions. Unfortunately, the internal constitution of animals is unable to produce either protein or sugar, while plants can produce them abundantly. Human beings being at the top of the food chain depend on lower animals and edible plants for food. Although human beings are omnivorous, many other animals, for example, horses and cattle are herbivorous. When cattle are accidently fed with meat products eating them causes Mad Cow disease, which can be fatal to the people contracted it. This is another missing link of the animal kingdom: between carnivorous and herbivorous. Although there are only four genetic bases, the genetic codes of each living species by mathematical combinations and permutations of these four bases give an infinite number of possibility. Consequently, the randomness of the evolutionary process would exhaust infinite interval of time simply to produce the minute distinctive genetic differences between ape and human.


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