Elementary bosons
See also: List of particles#Bosons
All observed elementary particles are either fermions or bosons. The observed elementary bosons are all gauge bosons: photons, W and Z bosons and gluons.
In addition, the standard model postulates the existence of Higgs bosons, which give other particles their mass via the Higgs mechanism.
- Photons are the force carriers of the electromagnetic field.
- W and Z bosons are the force carriers which mediate the weak nuclear force.
- Gluons are the fundamental force carriers underlying the strong nuclear force.
Finally, many approaches to quantum gravity postulate a force carrier for gravity, the graviton, which is a boson of spin 2.
There is also bosom energy.


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