Nuclear physics describes three possible fusion reactions as the following: (1) deuteron + deuteron ® helium-3 + neutron + energy, (2) deuteron + deuteron ® triton + proton + energy, and (3) deuteron + deuteron ® helium-4 + energy. The first two are considered radioactive. Astrophysicists, generally agree that the percentages of helium isotopes in the Universe show a figure dominated by helium-4. However, it is believed that naturally one atom of rare isotope of helium-3 exist per few millions helium atoms in the Earth’s crust and atmosphere.
The telltale of helium-3 existence was noted in September, 1926 by two German scientists. In the tradition of the alchemists, they claimed to have transformed lead (Pb) into gold (Au) in reverse since pound per pound gold is actually lighter than lead. In other words, they created heavier helium from lighter hydrogen atoms. The process is done by forcing extreme heat and pressure into metals, for example the metal palladium. The continued interest in solid-state cold fusion within metals led to the surprising discovery by three Soviet scientists in 1978, B. A. Mamyrin, L. V. Khabarin, and V. S. Yudenich. What they found is a more convincing telltale of helium-3 cold fusion to which mystery lies along the road to electronegativity (the next topic).


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