A better definition, it is the time derivative of the phase velocity. In electromagnetism, phase velocity is defined as the ratio of square lightspeed over the group velocity, vp = c/vg. Since group velocity never exceeds lightspeed in vacuum, phase velocity is always superluminal. A known fact of physics is that energy and information transmit at the group velocity. But what is it that transmits at the phase velocity? A logical answer is spacetime expansion. The fact is that the universal expansion is observed to accelerate; this more than validated the existence of absolute acceleration. Disregarding dimensional analysis, the product of inertial acceleration and absolute acceleration is unity, ai ▪ aa =1.


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