As a continuous field the vacuum is non-interacting. On the other hand, as a quantized field the vacuum fluctuates when some of the virtual particles it contains are excited and start to interact. However, these interactions do not have sufficient positive energies capable of creating real particles even though polarizations are taking place allowing shielding between real and virtual particles.
Bohr’s quantum theory formulated selection rules in order to explain fine structure splitting of atomic spectra when electrons made probable transitions between energy levels. This rule is the quantized difference between the initial and final azimuthal quantum numbers. These differences take on values of 1 or -1. Similar rules exist for Zeeman splitting, X-ray splitting, LS coupling, JJ coupling, gamma spectra, and beta spectra.
All these rules do indicate the subtle dimensional energy differences between states, which suggest that only states of equal dimension can energy transitions occur. Traditionally, these dimensions are called quantum numbers but became obsolete when replaced by more precise descriptions for understanding the compositeness of nucleons, and the existence of quarks and gluons. Nonetheless, there are no rules that forbid the interacting gluons aside from having three color charges together with known fermions’ helicity. In a zero dimension gluons kingdom without rules is there a need for a ruler or rulers?


LinkBack URL
About LinkBacks
Reply With Quote


