The population of virtual photons is infinite. However, all of them is assumed to share the same amount of zero-point energy state of the quantum vacuum. On the other hand, a crucial requirement for population inversion is nonzero value of quantized energy difference, ∆ε ≠ 0. This means that two inversion conditions exist: (1) ∆ε ≥ 0, and (2) ∆ε ≤ 0. The second seems to imply the existence of negative energy. However, it can be shown that the assumption of negative energy always gives positive energy difference and that condition 1 is sufficient but not necessary while the assumption of negative energy is necessary for finding the true population inversion condition.
Exploring the 1st requires the assumption of a true vacuum and a false vacuum. Exploring the 2nd requires the assumption of a positive vacuum and a negative vacuum. If the true vacuum’s frequency is ν then that of the false vacuum is ν+∆ν and the quantum frequency difference is ∆ν {ν+∆ν – ν}. On the other hand, if the positive vacuum’s frequency is ν and the negative frequency is –ν then the quantum frequency difference is 2ν {ν-(-ν)}. This shows clearly that negative vacuum doubles the infinitesimal increase of the quantum energy difference. However, if both the true vacuum and positive vacuum frequency is zero then quantum vacuum fluctuations do not exist while the value of false vacuum remains as ∆ν but then the difference of positive and negative frequency is now exactly zero which contradicts the experimental facts of their existence.


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