If division of vectors is defined and applied to their norms then Newton’s universal law of gravitation becomes a doubly depressed cubic. Recall that the general cubic is x+ax+bx+c=0. For depressed cubic, ax=0, while for doubly depressed, c=0 also, the reduced form becomes x+bx=0 where b is a positive or nagative numerical constant.
Before Einstein formulated his classical nonlinear tensor field equations of general relativity, the point-particle or point-mass Newton’s scalar equation is F=-GMm/r. The negative sign signifies attractive conservative central forces. However, modern vector notations is F=-GMmu/r where G is the constant of gravitation, M is the big mass, m is the small mass, u is the unit vector, r is the distance between the 2 masses. The unit vector is simply the ratio of a finite vector r with its norm |r| or u=r/|r|. Rearranged, r+GMm(r/|r|F)=0. If the scalar r has unit of length then r has unit of volume in 3-space. It is implied that for sun-planet or earth-NASA systems, M>>m. Finally, in real domain, the absolute value of (r/|r|F) is simply r/F or in the complex domain as modulus. The r is the independent variable and F could be the free parameter of unit forces equivalent to the cosmological constant (L) of general relativity. The general form is r+br=0 where b=GMm/F. Its exact solutions are r=0, and r=±√-b for positive b while for negative b, the solutions are r=0 and r=±√b. These imply pure real and pure imaginary solutions. Nonetheless, the one and only real solution is r=0, which is really the one and only big bang singularity. The others can only imply that physical reality is totally irrational complex or truly imaginary, becoming triply depressing for anyone to ponder, without going under, remaining somber forever.


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