Both Newton and Einstein said that absolute motion does not exist. See Principia pp6-8 and Einstein’s book ‘Out of My Later Years’, page 41. Both championed a principle of special relativity for the existence of inertial systems of reference for uniform motion and relative rest. The distinction between them is instantaneity of infinite speed and upper bound finite speed of light. Incidentally, finite speed of light was measured by Ole Rømer as early as in 1676 to be about 225000 km/s while modern value is about 299972 km/s. However, neither Newton’s Principia (1687) nor his Opticks (1704) took advantage of this physical fact.
Although Newton believed the existence of absolute space and time he also believed that only relative space and time can be measured. On the other hand, Einstein believed that measurements of relative space and time change with respect to the inertial systems the measurements were taken and only the form of the equations remains unchanged as a principle of covariance.
Newton was the first to mention the existence of inertial acceleration as quantified in his second law of motions. However, he did not relate it to absolute acceleration. Then Einstein came along asserting the equivalence of inertial force and gravity implying that gravity and acceleration are derived from the same physical field effect. Recently, the cause of this field effect is related to the accelerated expansion of the universe giving a nonzero value of the cosmological constant as a proof for the existence of absolute acceleration.


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