The theory of isotopic or intrinsic spin gauge invariance was discovered independently by C.N. Yang and R.L. Mills in their joint monumental paper published in October 1, 1954, Volume 96, Number 1 of the Physical Review journal. They proposed the existence of a b field which satisfies nonlinear partial differential equations similar to that of electromagnetism. These field quanta have spin unity, isotopic spin unity, and electric charge ±e or zero where e is the electron charge normalized to unity.
As a quantum theory of general electromagnetism, Yang-Mills theory is non-abelian and was renormalized by ‘t Hooft in the early 70s, see http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1999/thooft-lecture.pdf. Quantum field theory (QFT) changed the wavefunctions of non-relativistic quantum mechanics (QM) into arbitrary field variables of relativistic QM. However, the independent variable of time remains a free parameter. Bad to worst, the operator character of position is demoted back to a free parameter while the operational status of linear momentum remains valid. Even with these changes, QFT still cannot unify its operational definitions with that of general relativity (GR). The inherent difficulties could be caused by the fact that quantum fields are described by complex matrices while the metric tensors of GR are real matrices with non-symmetric off diagonal elements. Both formalisms look for the second direction or dimension of time analogous to a genus 2 topology. Nonetheless, stated without proofs that to arrive at a 2nd power of time is simply to set the field variables proportional to the absolute acceleration with proportionality constant as square of vacuum light speed. This can be expressed in a simple partial differential equation as ¶r×¶a=c² where ¶r is the differential space-time metric, and ¶a as the differential of the absolute acceleration. Logically, this inner product must also be true in the neighborhood of the local infinitesimal domain of space-time such that vectors r and a are orthogonal that is ¶r×¶a=0 where and when the quantum nature of squares of energy is asymptotically free.


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