[AntonioLao]

The accepted view of the universe is that it is made of quantum foams: the bosons foams and the fermions foams. The 12 vector bosons are all spin-1 elementary force particles: photon, W±, Zº, and the 8 gluons. Why exactly 12 remain a mystery. If the elusive graviton is included then the number increased to 13. However, its existence was asserted by superstring theory as a spin-2 particle but its detection failed. On the other hand, the mass asymmetry among the electroweak particles: photon, W±, and Zº necessitated the existence of a spin-0 scalar Higgs boson. The list increased to 14. Theories indicated that all spin-0 are scalar bosons. All spin-1 are vector bosons. All spin-2 can be classified as bivector bosons. There is no theoretical restriction to number of integer spin particles. But why only the 12 spin-1 particles can be detected is a mystery of high energy physics. Why the mass ratio of massless (zero) to massive particles is 10 to 4 is also a mystery (not including graviton or Higgs, the ratio is only 9 to 3). Along this reasoning, is the magnetic monopole a scalar, or vector, or bivector, or trivector boson?

The 12 mass fermions are all the spin-½ matter particles: electron, muon, tau, their neutrinos, and the 6 flavors of quark: up, down, strange, charm, bottom, and top. The first 6 are grouped as leptons. It is now believed that all 12 have mass although for the neutrinos practically undetectable. Why normal long-lived atoms in the entire universe are made up only of electron, up and down quark is a mystery toward a complete theory of matter. Being lightweight only confirmed the principle of least action that nature always economized energy expense for a minimum mass-energy configuration. All 12 have been detected. The last was the heaviest top quark announced in April of 1994.

Solving the mass gap mystery is the same as completing the mathematical foundation of Yang-Mills theory. The resolution is worth $1M dollars to be awarded by the Clay Mathematical Institute.