As of the first edition publication date of 2005, Dr. Abraham Seiden of the University of California at Santa Cruz mentioned in his book Particle Physics: A Comprehensive Introduction that there is no fundamental understanding of the mass pattern, for example the 3 different masses of the charged leptons: electron, muon, and tauon.

Their respective mass ratios are 1:207:3478 rounded to the nearest whole numbers. Previously in has been mentioned in the algebra of yin-yang that if the electron resides in the fractal dimension of 1/6, its naked mass is 6=279936. Since, these 3 leptons share the same physical properties except mass it can be hypothesized that they reside in different fractal dimension. Therefore, there exists an x such that x normalized by the number 279936 gives the known mass ratios. For the muon the value of x by simple calculations using a handheld electronic device is approximately 13. This suggests that the unstable muon resides in the fractal dimension of 1/13. The same can be determined to show that the unstable tauon resides in the fractal dimension of 1/19. The visible facts that these are the reciprocal of prime numbers strongly suggest that all virtual unstable particles live in reciprocal prime fractal dimensions. However, why they do not reside in consecutive reciprocal primes is a question needed further investigations.