The biggest mathematical or physical argument to ever come out of superstring theory is dimension compactification. How and why does nature choose to present herself in 3-space and 1-time dimension and curled the rest into infinitesimal insignificance? Compounding this quandary perplexity is the fact the source of mass generation lies within a significant infinitesimal and the mother of all infinitesimals is the big bang singularity herself, some proposed there was none. On the other hand, a non-Abelian Yang-Mills gauge theory asserts the existence of continuous differentiable compactified rotation Lie groups.
These infinitesimal rotation groups can be represented by the unitary operator exp(iq) on the unit circle of a complex plane centered at the origin (0,0) whose Hermitian conjugate is exp(-iq) where the angular measure q is expressed in rational multiples of p radians. The products of all conjugate pairs are gauge invariance of value unity. For the quantum extension, exp(±iq) become known as the phase factors and q is replaced by the dimensionless ratio of a quantum of action or quantized angular momentum over its uncertainty constant (ħ), which can be expressed in 3 different equivalent differential paths: Dx×Dp³ ħ, Df×DJ³ ħ, and Dt×DE³ ħ. For a succinct presentation see Quantum Mechanics, pages 7 and 8, a classic textbook by world famous L.I. Schiff (1915-71).
However, if these quantum infinitesimal rotation groups are replaced by squares symmetric singular Hadamard matrices and using yin-yang algebra then it is easier and also more logical to introduce fractal dimensions as reciprocals of matrix dimensions. For examples: a 2x2 matrix has fractal dimension ½, 3x3 is 1/3, 4x4 is ¼ 5x5 is 1/5, and 6x6 is 1/6. Furthermore, a 4x4 can be built up using 4 of 2x2 submatrices, likewise, 6x6 by 4 of 3x3 or 9 of 2x2 submatrices. All 11 dimensions matrices have fractal dimensions of 1/11. Now, sensibly, these can be the results of compactification. It is notable in their historical developments that Pauli’s spin matrices are 2x2 complex imaginary nonsingular, Gell-Mann’s 3x3 complex imaginary nonsingular, and Dirac’s 4x4 complex imaginary nonsingular. Nonetheless, all Hadamard matrices are real symmetric, serving as their own Hermitian conjugates.


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