From theory of electric circuit, the linearly dual relationships between an idealized capacitor and an idealized inductor are the following linear differential equations: i=Cdv/dt and v=Ldi/dt. Comparing these linear differential equations, it can be seen that replacing i by v, v by i and C by L in the first gives the second. This clearly showed that the capacitor and the inductor are dual elements and that the material dependent constants: C and L are dual quantities.
Simpler time independent linear relations between electric charge and magnetic flux linkage to voltage and current are given by q=Cv and l=Li. These also showed their dual relationships as supported by the discovery of electromagnetic induction by both the American physicist Joseph Henry (1797-1878 ) and the famous British physicist Michael Faraday (1791-1867). However, the most important implication is that the product of linearly dual relations gives the instantaneous power as energy per unit of time. It must be noted that infinitesimal quantum of power is simply Planck’s constant of action divided by unit Planck time and the time parameter could never take the value of identically zero.


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