In the theory of Fourier analysis a function f is said to be odd if f(-x)=-f(x). A function gis said to be even if g(-x)=g(x). For examples: the circular functions or trigonometric functions of sine and cosine. Since cos(-x)=cos(x), the circular function cosine is an even function. Since sin(-x)=-sin(x), the circular functions sine is an odd function.
However, applying a biortho test to these two circular functions does not give negative unity. There is no such value of the circular argument x that would satisfy the requirement that the product of their derivatives must be negative unity or equivalently that sin(x)cos(x)=1. In degrees, the value of x that give ½ of unity is 45° or p/4 in radians of angular measurements. At best, there is a missing factor of 2. On the other hand, the squares of these circular functions namely sin²x and cos²x satisfy the biortho test for value of the circular argument that is equal to 45° or p/4 radians. Its significance will be discussed later.


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