It is accepted by a few high energy physicists that the study of CP violation is a powerful probe into the vacuum structure of the Standard Model of elementary particles. CP violation was verified to occur in weak interactions of kaon or K-meson decay. K-mesons were first observed by Rochester and Butler in 1947. There are four types: K+, K-, K°, and anti-K°. The K+ and K- are antiparticles of each other. Both K° and anti-K° are electrically neutral. However, in terms of strangeness and isotopic spin, they are identical respectively to K+ and K- in strangeness but opposite in isotopic spin.
The various detectable tiny variations in their decay modes as discovered in the 1960s allow physics to surmise the possibility of CP violations. These violations prompted further studies leading to the eventual discovery of beauty and anti-beauty (ugly) as a single upsilon meson (¡) in 1977 and then succeeded by the emergence of the Standard Model of elementary particles.


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