These are the Higgs boson, magnetic monopole, and the graviton. None has ever been seen by experimental detectors. Theoretically, most believe all of them exist. The existence of Higgs would help clarify the Standard Model of elementary particles. The existence of magnetic monopole would help understand the hidden symmetry between the electric field and magnetic field as described classically by the 4 beautiful Maxwell’s partial differential equations. The existence of graviton would help solidify the techniques of all quantum field theories.
The Higgs mechanism by which generally all massive elementary particles eventually acquire their mass was independently proposed by Higgs and the pair of theorists Brout and Englet in the mid 1960s. They showed that the spontaneously broken gauge symmetry gave a massive spin-zero scalar gauge boson with only strength but no direction at a particular spacetime location. The idea of an isolated north or south magnetic pole was proposed by Dirac in 1931. Incidentally, only magnetic dipoles are found in nature while electric monopoles are everywhere and everywhen. The most abundant being the electrons. They are responsible for the electrical power of modern societies. Dirac believed that magnetic monopole could explain the quantum nature of electron. This nature is now recognized as a consequence of an underlying topology of spacetime structures. On the other hand, no single person claims for the discovery of graviton since it is clearly derived from the underlying topological spacetime structures found in the minimum requirements of a quantum field theory of gravity. In the 3-volume treatises of Steven Weinberg this is connected to the Lorentz invariance helicity (see page 73, Volume I: Foundation – The Quantum Theory of Fields, Cambridge University Press, 1995). In this context this topology is also related to the triple-H or Hadamard-Hopf helicity of a theory of quantized spacetime (TQS).


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