The 4 dimensional space-time continuum is usually represented by three real space coordinates: x, y, z and by one imaginary time coordinate where is the imaginary unity, is the constant speed of light, and is the time variable. A point P(, , , ) represents an event in the space-time continuum. However, the fundamental quadratic Pythagorean form of the interval between two events is given by: ()² = ₁₁¹¹+₂₂²²+₃₃³³ + ₄₄⁴⁴ where = ¹, = ², = ³, = ⁴, and ₁₁= ₂₂= ₃₃= ₃₃=1, but ₄₄= -1. The matrix [(,)] is known as the symmetric metric tensor of rank 2 where all component off the main diagonal are zeros. However, for a quantum theory of the space-time continuum, the totality of the continuum is given by which represents an arbitrary two dimensional hypersurface in four dimensions and equivalently is the product of the totality of energy () and constant light speed (): =. Together with the totality of the infinitesimal quantized squares of energy =, the absolute linear momentum () can be defined as the dimensional ratio / and for =², the linear momentum is reduced to the general covariance of photon momentum =/ and is simply Planck’s constant of action () divided by the wavelength of the photon: = /. These formulations imply that the temporal frequency () is equivalent to the spatial frequency (ƒ) of physical reality.


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