thermal origin of gravity
In 1687, Newton deduced his universal law of gravity from his three laws of motion. Its validity is due to the fact that distances and velocities are not too great, comparable to the distances between galaxies or velocities approaching the speed of light. On the other hand, if great distances and velocities must be considered then they are duly described by Einstein’s general and special theories of relativity. Although the latter is also applicable in the microcosmic quantum reality, the former is not. Therefore, a quantum theory of gravity does not exist unless its thermal origin is discovered. This possibility is supported by the fact both matter and energy already have their thermal origin well described by quantum field theories and general relativity. A thermal theory of gravity must consider both extremes of temperature, very hot and very cold, for example, the stellar systems of white dwarf and relatively cool red giants graphically depicted by the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, which was introduced in 1911 by Ejnar Hertzsprung (1893-1969) and in 1913 by H. N. Russell (1897-1957) forming the empirical basis of the theory of stellar evolution. Historically, both Sir Arthur S. Eddington (1882-1944) and Richard C. Tolman (1881-1948 ) made ground breaking contributions but none hinted a complete theory. These are described respectively in ‘The Internal Constitution of the Stars’ published in 1926 and ‘Relativity Thermodynamics and Cosmology’ in 1934. Another noted contributor was Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (1910-1995), the 1983 Nobel Prize recipient for his theory of black holes.

As a point of departure, there are three nomenclatures of energy equivalence: ��=����², ��=ℎ��, and ��=����. The first is Einstein’s. The second is Planck’s, and the third is Boltzmann’s. Equating the first and the third and then solve for �� gives ��=����/��². Direct substitution into Newton’s universal law of gravity gives ��=(����²/��⁴)Δ��/��² where Δ��=��₁��₂=(��₂-��₁)��₁ such that ��₁=1kelvin and ��₂>>��₁ if and only if both ��₁ and ��₂ are rational numbers. In this sense, rationality implies quantization and quantized absolute temperatures give a quantum theory of gravity as its thermal origin. Furthermore, it satisfies a general covariance of the inverse square law with the singular boundary solution that if ��₁=0 then ��₂=0 implying the validity of the third of thermodynamics. Likewise, the valid physical definitions of Δ��=��₁��₂=(��₂-��₁)��₂ such that ��₂=1 unit mass and ��₂>>��₁; Δ��=��₁��₂=(��₂-��₁)��₃ such that ��₃=1 unit of electric charge. Then Newton’s universal law of gravitation can be reformulated as ��=��Δ��/��² and Coulomb’s law of electrostatic as ��=��Δ��/��². The same can be applied to magnetostatic and a new definition of square of energy as ��²=Δ��=(��₂-��₁)��₄ such that ��₄=1 unit of energy and (��₂-��₁)=(��-��) is equivalent to the Lagrangian energy function.