The quadratic form (QF) of neutrinos is ��(2)=(��₁��₁-��₂��₂)²=��₁²��₁²��������₁₁-2��₁��₂��₁��₂ ��������₁₂+��₂²��₂² ��������₂₂ where the ��’s determine the masses and provide mass differences for muon neutrinos and tau neutrinos describing the symmetry or asymmetry, singularity or non-singularity of their corresponding coefficient matrices. The QF of the down quark is ��(4), here again, the ��’s provide clues to the different masses for strange and bottom quarks. The QF of the up quark is ��(6), the ��’s differentiate the charm and the top quarks, higher ��’s give higher values of mass. The QF of both the electron and the photon is ��( 8 ). For the photon, there are equal numbers of plus sign and minus signs, while for the electron there are 1 plus sign and 7 minus signs, while the positron has 7 plus sign and 1 minus sign. For the muon and tau particle their QF is the same as that of the electron but the differences in their masses are attributed to the different values of the coefficient of the ��’s. The QF of the ��± intermediate vector gauge bosons is ��(10). There are 8 plus and 2 minus signs for ��⁺ and 8 minus and 2 plus signs for ��⁻. The QF of the Z zero boson is (16) with 8 plus signs and 8 minus signs.

By the same token, the QF of the proton is a simple superposition of two ��(6) and one ��(4), while the neutron one ��(6) and two ��(4). The almost identical mass of the proton and neutron suggests that 2��(6)+��(4)≈ ��(6)+2��(4) or ��(6)≈��(4). This implies that ��₅²+��₆²+4��₁��₂+4��₁��₃+4��₁��₄+2��₁��₆+2��₂��₅+2��₃��₅+2� �₄��₅-2��₁��₆-2��₂��₆-2��₃��₆-2��₄��₆-2��₅��₆ is approximately equal to zero. If ��₅=��₆ then the approximation is reduced to ��₁��₂+��₁��₃+��₁��₄=0 where the approximation is now an equality and by quantum rationalized normalization 3��₁=(��₂+��₃+��₄). Here, ��₂, ��₃, and ��₄ could represent the elementary vertices of the b-field, while ��₁ represents the vertex of the nucleon field giving the three color states of the tetrahedral space-time lattices equivalent to that described by Yang and Mills in 1954 for the gauge invariance of the conservation of isotopic spin. Complete understanding of this equivalence will help solve the problem of cold fusion.