In 1879, Josef Stefan (1835-1893) director of the Institute of Experimental Physics in Vienna, formulated the empirical law which bears his name, primarily from findings recorded by John Tyndall (1820-1893) at the Royal Institute of Great Britain on the radiation from platinum strip heated to different temperatures and by reanalyzing cooling experiments recorded by the French physicists and chemists Pierre Louis Dulong (1785-1838 ) and Alexis Thérèse Petit (1791-1820) in the early years of the 19th century. Stefan deduced that the rate of energy emission over all frequencies is proportional to the fourth power of the absolute temperature, i.e. the total energy of radiation per second, –����/���� ∝ ��⁴. In 1884, his former student, Ludwig Boltzmann, by then a professor at Graz, gave the thermodynamic proof of Stefan’s law based on the physical existence of the radiation pressure and formulated the Stefan-Boltzmann law of blackbody radiation. Consequently, both Maxwell’s theory and the quantum theory of electromagnetic radiation made the correct derivation that three times the radiation pressure is equal to the total energy density of radiation: 3��=ℰ.

If ℰ is now given as the directed energy then its component notation in a Cartesian coordinate system is given by ℰ=ℰ₁��+ℰ₂��+ℰ₃�� then the inner scalar dot product <ℰ,ℰ> is simply ℰ₁²+ℰ₂²+ℰ₃². Now it can be defined that ℰ²=<ℰ,ℰ>, that is to say the inner scalar dot product is really equivalent to the square of energy. Likewise, the inner scalar dot product of the radiation pressure is given as ��²=<��,> with its Cartesian component notation given as ��=��₁��+��₂��+��₃��. If the quadratic form of proton equals that of neutron as their masses are practically the same then ��(6)=��(4) which reduced to the form 3��=��₁+��₂+��₃ and if <��,��>= ℰ₁²+ℰ₂²+ℰ₃² then <��,��>=<��,��> and 3<��,��>=<ℰ,ℰ>, where <��,��> represents the radiation pressure of square of energy, while <ℰ,ℰ> represents the quadratic form of square energy such that the direction cosines added up to unity suggesting their probability equivalence.