If spacetime charges are analogous to that of 4D vectors then the spacetime continuum is simply a 4D vector space. The properties of this mathematical space can be described by certain transformations or certain mappings say from R⁴→R⁴ or R⁴→R³ or R⁴→R² or R⁴→R¹ or R³→R³ or R³→R² or R³→R¹ or R²→R² or R²→R¹ or R¹→R¹. There are also the same numbers of reverse mappings: R¹→R¹ or R¹→R² or R¹→R³ or R¹→R⁴ or R²→R² or R²→R³ or R²→R⁴ or R³→R³ or R³→R⁴ or R⁴→R⁴. The sets of real numbers to the left of the mapping arrows are defined as the domains while sets to the right are defined as the codomains (ranges). All these mappings are called “onto” mappings. However, if each different point of the domain maps only to a unique point in the codomains then the transformation is called a function and the mapping is called 1-to-1. By their precise definitions, only one-to-one mappings have inverses. Their corresponding functions also have inverses. The collective transformations form symmetry groups of mappings.
Unfortunately, spacetime charges as squares of energy represented by square symmetric Hadamard matrices do have any inverses. Mathematically speaking, they are called singular matrices such that their determinants are identically zero. The implication is that mappings from squares of energy to matter and ordinary energy do not imply one to one correspondence. This is also true for all reverse mappings from matter and ordinary energy back to squares of energy. Fortunately, these Hadamard matrices as spacetime charges are mathematically suitable for formulating a quantum theory of the spacetime continuum by giving the products of matrices as generators of physical mass and matrix additions the generators of physical charges (notably more so for fractional electric charges).


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