reciprocal of 137

[AntonioLao]

Robert Julius Oppenheimer (1904-1967) was the American physicist best known as the ‘father of the atomic bomb’. However, he was also the co-discoverers of vacuum polarization, the effect of the quantum vacuum fluctuations on real particles of matter such as electrons by the virtual particles. The theory of self-energy of quantum field theories calculated that the bare electric charge of an electron is infinite but by the shielding effect of vacuum polarization the experimentally determined electric charge of the electron is a constant finite value. Although the mass of the electron (or generally any mass of any particle of matter) is not a relativistic invariance as proved by repeated experiments, the electric charge of the electron (or generally any electric charge of any particle of matter) is truly a relativistic invariance. This invariance can be expressed as a unitless or dimensionless ratio with the exact values as the reciprocal of 137 also known as the coupling constant of quantum electrodynamics (QED).

The name for the reciprocal of 137 is usually called alpha (��) and is the dimensionless ratio of the product of 2�� times the square of the units of electric charge (��) divided by the product of Planck’s constant of action (ℎ) and the speed of light in the vacuum (��): ��=2����²/ℎ��. In a sense, this natural physical constant is derived from a constant of electromagnetism, a constant of quantum mechanics, and a constant of special relativity and together it gives a physical quantity without any unit or any physical dimension. It is simply a numerical value of 1/137. It is used in QED to predict the probability of an electron releasing a virtual photon. In quantum field theories it measures the strength of the electromagnetic interaction between particles of light with particles of matter, predicting the existence of both vacuum polarization and quantum vacuum fluctuations. These are repeatedly verified by high energy experiments as well as delicate experiments involving the effect of the quantum vacuum, proving conclusively that empty space does not exist. In fact, the quantized fabric of the spacetime continuum is an active component of both quantum mechanics and general theory of relativity.

[austintorn@aol.com]

Why 1/137 for the Fine-Structure Constant and not 1/2?

The size of the one and only universe, this being its only boundary condition, is that of a 4D finite hypercube of quadric space made of infinite 3D spaces sitting atop one another, governs the quantization of energy forms, taking the form of Planck’s constant for light, and being the reason for elementary particles having the same magnitude of unit charge.

Charge (q) is responsible for the Coulomb force:

Fq = q^2 / 4*pi*e0*r^2

where e0 is a constant know as the permitivity of free space.

The ratio of the Coulomb strength to Planck’s constant (hc) is called the fine structure constant, 1/137.

One might think that it should be 1/2 since photons are complete, having an inherent positive and negative that sums to neutrality, the polarity only showing forth when an electron and a positron are produced, whereas a matter particle is always an incomplete form having either a positive or a negative charge.

The reason this is not the case is because unlike Plank’s constant, the Coulomb’s force strength is not a direct assessment of unit polarity volume, for it is but a byproduct of unit polar volume just as electrostatic potential energy is a byproduct of rest energy.

A photon’s hypervolume is geometrically closed, while a matter particle’s unit polar volume is open; so, a matter particle’s net polarity prevents the spacial encapsulation of its 4th dimensional elevation of deflection, it thus being a distributional boundary condition, a family of relationships, time = unit polar volume of charge / volume.

Photons are the encapsulation of time by space, while matter particle fields are the encapsulation of space by time; thus their radically different properties.

Space is continuous and causal. The reason why a matter particle’s central deflection of elevation in time diminishes with distance is because external deflection is governed by a dimensional relationship between time and space in 4D space-time and this relationship is a constant. Spacial deflection attenuates due to increasing volume because spatial volume causes this attenuation.

Herein lies the meaning of charge. The Coulomb's force increases with the amount of external deflection, but it is not simply a case of a maximum deflection somewhere in space, but is a combination of deflection and volume, and this determines the deflection at any given range.

A matter particle distribution consists of an infinite number of concentric spherical surfaces with 4th-dimensional elevation scaled by their volume and unit polar volume.

Matter particles are radically symmetrical, so the volume element of their field distribution is a sphere.

t = 3*(unit polar volume of charge) / 4*pi*r^3

External deflection decreases as the cube of the distance from a particle’s center. Whereas 3-dimensional deflections decrease as the square of distance, attenuated by increasing area, 4th-dimensional deflections decrease as the cube of distance, attenuated by increasing volume.

Unit polar volume is hc/4pi, so substituting, not shown, we can get a matter particle’s field’s actual displacement,

9.4(10^-1 / r^3, in meters, and so, since a proton’s electrostatic field is active at a radius as close as 1 Fermi (10^-15) from its energy center, yields an external deflection of a trillion light years (9.4(10^27) m).

Deflections of this magnitude are possible because although ‘c’ is energy’s speed limit through space, there is no limit to space’s speed through time.

[Lloyd Gillespie]

A photon’s hypervolume is geometrically closed, while a matter particle’s unit polar volume is open; so, a matter particle’s net polarity prevents the spacial encapsulation of its 4th dimensional elevation of deflection, it thus being a distributional boundary condition, a family of relationships, time = unit polar volume of charge / volume.

Photons are the encapsulation of time by space, while matter particle fields are the encapsulation of space by time; thus their radically different properties.

A key point Austin__Internal poles for photons...??? Micro-Black-Holes...???

Thinking...

Internal em-motion (only) photons...???

But they pass through each other__or do they...???

The Mystery Photon__ LINK...

[WHY 137?]

So I imagine this thread is a good place to ask the following....take a look at all the *thanks* you 3 fellas get.

So please tell me your thoughts about the challenge put forth regarding the 'toppling' of the fine structure constant.
It appears now that the fine structure constant was a 'bigger number' in the past.

i.e. 1/128.5

It appears that Thomas Valone is the most outspoken advocate of ZPE and a new value for alpha = 1/128.5

Experimental ZPE

Since ZPE is due to virtual particle flux and high electric field gradients cause the flux to increase, it is reasonable to assume that near the surface of an electron, the ZPE virtual particle flux would be very high, like a bunch of flies buzzing around it.

Science News reports (2/8/97), "Since the 1930's, theorists have proposed that...virtual particles cloak the electron, in effect reducing the charge and electromagnetic force observed at a distance." Therefore, for the first time, Dr. Koltick (Phys. Rev. Ltrs. 1/20/97) performed an experiment designed to penetrate the virtual particle cloud surrounding the electron with a particle accelerator at energies of 58 gigaelectronvolts without creating other particles. From his data, the newly obtained value of the fine structure constant is 1/128.5 instead of the smaller 1/137 that is traditionally observed for a fully screened electron. The fine structure constant equals the electron charge squared divided by Planck's constant and the speed of light.

http://users.erols.com/iri/ZPEpaper.html

please comment, because it appears that the cosmic background radiation is also suggesting a range for the fine structure constant, perhaps not even based on 'time' but on our 'position in space'.
And if you think of it, if matter and anti-matter are asymmetrical, and the spiral flat Milky Way galaxy is asymmetrical, then why cannot SPACE be asymmetrical and OBVIOUSLY I must then suggest that it is our Sun's position (with us in tow) that determines the 'fine structure constant'.
To use a scuba diving analogy. Water temperatures can be stratified, called thermoclines, layers of warm and cold water.
Why can't space be like an ocean, the only difference is density?

So WHAT IF this pattern has some merit >>> 1/128.5 (past) 1/137 (present), so what does the future hold for alpha?

Try to remember our science is only as good as the 'equipment' we invent to probe the universe with, in order to compensate for the human condition, and the perpetual 'state of sensory deprivation'.

i.e. feeding into an ignorance that thrives in a mundane and profane reality/script which has been handed them in a nice neat little package?

namaste

[AntonioLao]

The varying densities of the space-time continuum create the different fields of both categories of matter and energy. Since 1/137 is a dimensionless constant of nature, it signifies
the important of two quantities the square of the electronic charge and the product of Planck's constant and light speed.

[WHY 137?]

p.s. to my last post

We have no right to assume that any physical laws exist, or if they have existed up to now, that they will continue to exist in a similar manner in the future.
- Max Planck

The Universe in the Light of Modern Physics (1931)

namaste

[AntonioLao]

Although Planck is the father of quantum theory, he never truly accepted that energy can be quantized in the first degree. However, he did explore quantization in the second degree but he never completed this theoretical exploration. FYI, the quantum theory of second quantization is a quantum theory of the space-time continuum of the squares of zero-point energies.

[WHY 137?]

Although Planck is the father of quantum theory, he never truly accepted that energy can be quantized in the first degree. However, he did explore quantization in the second degree but he never completed this theoretical exploration. FYI, the quantum theory of second quantization is a quantum theory of the space-time continuum of the squares of zero-point energies.

Antonio I was hoping for some insight as to whether a value for 1/128.5 has some merit?
Yes or no?

Have you read Thomas Valone's book?

namaste

[AntonioLao]

No, I have not. The value of the fine structure varies with the values of three physical constants: the electronic charge, the speed of light, and Planck's constant of action. If any of these values changes then alpha can also change. In cases of proportional changes there is still a possibility that alpha can remain constant.

[WHY 137?]

No, I have not. The value of the fine structure varies with the values of three physical constants: the electronic charge, the speed of light, and Planck's constant of action. If any of these values changes then alpha can also change. In cases of proportional changes there is still a possibility that alpha can remain constant.

Antonio please take a look at this quote, feel free to comment or not.

According to quantum electrodynamics (QED), the relativistic quantum field theory of the interaction of charged particles and photons, an electron can emit virtual photons that can then emit virtual electron-positron pairs (e+, e-). The virtual positrons are attracted to the original or "bare" electron while the virtual electrons are repelled from it. The bare electron is therefore screened due to this polarization. The usual fine-structure constant is defined as the square of the completely screened charge, that is, the value observed at infinite distance or in the limit of zero momentum transfer. At shorter distances corresponding to higher energy processes or probes (large momentum transfers), the screen is partially penetrated and the strength of the electromagnetic interaction increases since the effective charge increases. Thus depends upon the energy at which it is measured, increasing with increasing energy, and is considered an effective or running coupling constant. Indeed, due to e+e- and other vacuum polarization processes, at an energy corresponding to the mass of the W boson (approximately 81 GeV, equivalent to a distance of approximately 2 x 10-18 m), (mW) is approximately 1/128 compared with its zero-energy value of approximately 1/137. Thus the famous number 1/137 is not unique or especially fundamental.

I found the same quote at two links:
http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/alpha.html
http://twinkle_toes_engineering.home.../electrons.htm

The source of this quote seems reputable?
Funny how they suggest 128 or 137 as being less important.

namaste