The rest mass of the electron is 9.1093897(54) x 10¯³¹ kilogram. Its electric charge by international standard of units and measures is negative with an experimental value of 1.60217733(49) x 10¯¹⁹ coulomb. On the other hand, a proton has a rest mass of 1.672614 x 10¯²⁷ kilogram. Its electric charge by international units and measures is the positive value of the electronic charge. To the nearest whole number the proton mass is 1836 times heavier than the electron mass. Although the electric charge for all particles of matter is a relativistic invariance, that is to say it is independent of particle’s speed, the mass of every particle changes according to its speed and increases as the speed increases. The relativistic mass approaches infinity as the particle’s speed approaches the speed of light.
The stability of the atom is described by an atomic configuration where a frame of reference such that the centralized proton in the nucleus is at rest surrounded by high speed orbiting electrons. In a sense, the electron orbital speed must reach a certain value such that its increasing relativistic mass becomes comparable to the proton mass. By temporarily neglecting the dependence of the orbital radius, the electron must move at .999999852 speed of light for its mass to be equivalent to the proton mass. However, since the average drift speed of conducting free electrons in many electrical conductors is merely .0033 of light speed, it can be surmised that increasing orbital radius of the electron is inversely proportional to its orbital speed around the nucleus of each atom. Extending this idea to the sub-nuclear motion of quarks, it is plausible that the compositeness of quarks (the theory that quarks are composed of spacetime charges of H-pluses and H-minuses) implies superluminal local infinitesimal motion of spacetime charges as an alternative explanation of quark confinement.


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