questioning the second law

[AntonioLao]

The second law of thermodynamics stated clearly that the entropy of an isolated system, for example the entire universe, tends to a maximum. If this maximum value is reached then no available thermodynamic free energy can provide motion, heat, or the sustainability of life. This state of thermodynamic equilibrium is known as the heat death of the universe. Consequently, an expanding universe will stop expanding and there is a 50-50 chance that it might starts to contract. On the other hand, the second law also implies that all natural thermodynamic processes evolve from a state of high temperature to a state of low temperature. Reversing this thermal direction would require extra input of external energy.

Literally, the above implication suggests that it is almost impossible to extract useful energy from the states of low temperature of the quantum vacuum. However, at the local infinitesimal region of the spacetime continuum, its quantization indicate infinite amount of energy concentrated at the Planckian domain. Therefore at the Planck length of the spacetime continuum, spacetime charges can form into both matter and low energy configurations while subdomain of Planck length remains at infinite energy. Theoretically, it is possible to extract limitless amount of energy from this sub-Planckian domain without having to violate the second law of thermodynamics. Nonetheless, entropy must be shown to remain constant or to decrease but never increase.