According to quantum chromodynamics (QCD) of the Standard Model of elementary particles, colored quarks and gluons hold the nuclei together. Analogously, there are also two distinct cohesive domains: the domain of the mesons and the domain of the baryons. Mesons are composites of two quarks namely quarks and antiquarks. Baryons, on the other hand, are composites of three quarks but none of which are antiquarks. Nonetheless, both component products of mesons and baryons are colorless. Colorlessness is derived in two ways: (1) by combining a color with its anticolor as is happening within every meson, (2) by combining all three possible color charges, say, red, green, and blue. This naming convention is very unfortunate since the color charges of the strong nuclear force bear no physical resemblance to the colors of the visible spectrum of the electromagnetic radiation.


However, using a quantum theory of direction or equivalently a quantum theory of the space-time continuum, the effectively powerful idea of color charges and color forces of QCD of the Standard Model of elementary particles can be replaced by the existence of eight directional invariance properties. These eight properties can be used to replace the possible existence of eight gluons. Each directional invariance property is a combination of three quantized directions. There are basically six quantized directions. A convenient naming convention would give them as Right, Left, Up, Down, Forward, and Backward. A rule can be given that no opposite can be combined together in any of the directional property. This theoretical construction gives only eight possible directional invariance properties as (1) Right-Up-Forward, (2) Right-Up-Backward, (3) Right-Down-Forward, and (4) Right-Down-Backward. The remaining four are given by simply replacing the “Right” with the “Left.” The algebra for these complex combinations is simply the matrix algebra of Hadamard matrices.