directionless energy

[AntonioLao]

Briefly, the historical evolution of directionless energy started in the 17th century with Newton’s scientific proposals of two distinct physical forces namely the inertial force and the gravitational force. Since the concept of force in physics is a concept for describing vector (directed) quantity, Newtonian mechanics properly applies to a zero-dimensional point particle. However, for a system of three-dimensional particles, which fits much more of physical reality, analytic mechanics of succeeding centuries is modeled by Lagrangian or Hamiltonian formalism. These define the concepts of potential energy (PE) and kinetic energy (KE) using generalized coordinates, but still failed to specify the directional property of any given energy configuration. The rise of the Industrial Revolution, whose main actors are the heat engines, e.g., the steam engines of locomotion, its culmination is Clausius equation of state: pV=nRT for ideal gases. Here, pV signifies timeless as well as directionless energy. The most famous of all physical concepts of directionless energy is no other than Einstein’s E=mc. It marked as the most significant discovery of 1905. This relativistic form bears a simple resemblance to the classical definition of kinetic energy KE=½mv. The latter is defined as one of two components for the total mechanical directionless energy, which is conserved for an isolated system. PE is the energy of position while KE is the energy of motion.

The discovery of electromagnetism in 1864 by Maxwell hinted two concepts of directionless energy derived from the directed electric field and the directed magnetic field. The stored energy of the electric field is proportional to the electrical component called the capacitance while the stored energy of the magnetic field is proportional to the component called the inductance. For all practical purposes, before the discovery of quantized spin and the physics of angular motion, all stored internal energies are considered directionless. In 1895, Boltzmann extended the kinetic theory of gases by deducing the Stefan-Boltzmann law. This law defines that the total directionless energy of radiation of a body is proportional to the 4th power of the thermodynamic temperature. He also developed a mathematical expression that gives the energy distribution for an ensemble of particles at constant thermodynamic temperature guided by the principle of energy equipartition. This principle states that the average energy of gas molecules is divided equally among all the degrees of freedom of the gas molecules and for each degree of freedom the energy is simply given by ½kT where k is Boltzmann constant and T is the thermodynamic temperature given in absolute degree kelvins. In common practice, this principle is not reachable except for certain cases at very high temperature. Finally, in 1900, Planck proposed the quantum theory of blackbody radiation to overcome all the difficulties for defining directionless energy. Subsequently, Einstein did propose the idea of random spontaneous emission of excited atoms and molecules. Furthermore, he asserted the existence of stimulated emission by its consequence of population inversion and thus heralded the applied science of laser principle and began the usefulness of directed energy.