ARTICLE 8 and 9 OF 9

Note: In view of waning interest in this series, I have decided to post the last two articles together. In a sense all these articles have not been an easy fit in this Toequest site. Zeron theory is intensely pragmatic and down to earth and leaves little room for speculation, the mainstay of most posts in this forum. In a sense therefore it is the very antithesis of what Toequest is about. Toequest is a great forum where contributors can let their imaginations run riot or where there can be endless debates about questions to which there can be no definitive answers. Zeron theory is definitely the party pooper.
My hope for this series is that it might just sow a seed somewhere that might sprout and grow into an alternative to the mired progress of conventional physics. Why the confidence? Well I recently looked at the original manuscript of The God Particle and highlighted and counted all outcomes of Zeron theory that either resolved anomalies, solved mysteries or debunked indeterminacy. The count came to 94. I believe there is cause for optimism.

For the benefit of those who might not have read the previous articles, the foundational basis of Zeron Theory is repeated at the beginning of each article (in italics).



HOW GRAVITY AND EVERYDAY THINGS WORK


Gravity

At last we come to the most troublesome of natures forces. Gravity has stubbornly resisted integration with the other forces. Some say gravity pulls, others that it pushes some even deny its existence. Einstein saw gravity as a warping of the fabric of the space-time continuum, whatever that meant. In this very short article I need to start with some models that were more rigorously derived in the original development of the theory. You can get more information by following the link at the end of this article.

The Basic Foundational Model

* There is an Aether. It consists of an all-pervasive 'atmosphere' of prime particles called Zerons
* All Zerons are identical, and are totally elastic, frictionless, have inertial mass but zero gravitational mass, and come in two varieties, fast and slow.
* Fast Zerons travel at a velocity of root 2 x c and inter-collide to form a type of Aether which we have named the Cosma. The Cosma is a resonant Perfect Fluid.
* Matter consists of resonating agglomerations of Slow Zerons held together by pressure from the Cosma.
* Matter resonates at a frequency different to that of the Cosma.
* The Zeron constitutes an unimaginably small class of matter and can be shown to have a mass of 7.39 x10p-46 gms compared to an electron mass of 9.11 x 10p-28 gms. There are therefore 1, 33 x 10p18 Zerons in an electron!


The Basic Foundational Atom

Consider the hydrogen atom. The Proton nucleus consists of an agglomeration of slow resonating Zerons within the resonant Cosma. Their interaction produces a denser region in the Cosma in the form of a spherical standing wave shell of Zerons. This is the electron shell.
Light emanates from the atom after it is first excited so that the electron shell jumps to the next permissible radius and then collapses to emit an outwardly expanding sphere of light manifested as a series of Zeron impact waves travelling through the Cosma at a velocity c in every direction. If we now accelerate the atom through the Aether the Zeron pressure at the front of the nucleus becomes greater than at the back. This distorts both the nucleus and the electron shell. As soon as the acceleration stops a steady state returns and the atom retains its distorted shape.

To visualize the gravitational process we must go back to re-examine the atom in more detail. The Zeron model of the atom consists of the nucleus and resonant Zeron shells within a Cosma cloud. Up till this point we have represented the Zeron shell and nucleus as discrete entities. In practice there is continuous interchange of Zerons between the atom and the Cosma. The atom is merely a statistical entity. In fact all of matter might be defined as the statistical probability of the presence of an accumulation of slow-Zerons being in a particular place at a particular time. How's that for a strange definition!
Consider the case of an isolated atom surrounded by fast Zerons of the Cosma cloud. The Zerons move in random directions within the Cosma. The atom absorbs and ejects Zerons continuously. Some Zerons impact the atom normal (perpendicular) to the surface. Others impact at various angles to the surface. However in a multi-atom body there is some proclivity for Zerons that are ejected from the atom to fly off normal to the surface. Each Zeron has, so to say, a multitude of neighbors at the same level, which makes it more difficult to eject without interference by adjacent atoms. Being in relatively close proximity to its neighbors, there is a "shielding" effect one on the other so that the emission of Zerons from the surface of a massive body has a marginally stronger directional component normal to the surface. There are now two patterns of Zeron resonance surrounding the body. The first is the normal random resonance of the Cosma and the multi-directional rebound. The second is an overlay of a radial field. This radial "field" lies at the root of the gravitational force.
Surely this radial field must be a purely local phenomenon? Not so! The ability of the Cosma to transport light beams over millions of light years bears testimony to the loss-free character of the Cosma. The radial Zeron-driven gravity field radiating from any body extends to the edge of the universe.



GRAVITY FIELD OF TWO BODIES

Examining the effects of this gravity field on two masses A and B some distance away from each other, the above diagram shows the intersection of two radial fields. We find that mass A is within the field of mass B and visa versa. Each atom on the surface of mass A and mass B is bombarded by Zerons in the Cosma producing a Zeron pressure at the surface. On the side of A remote from B, Zerons impact in from all directions ranging at angles ranging from normal to grazing. On the side facing towards B, each point on the surface is bombarded by Zerons from fewer directions because the linear pattern of the gravitational field of B interferes with the true randomness of Zeron impact. The process applies equally to B. In the illustration above darker areas represent a more chaotic Cosma less capable of imposing full random Zeron pressure. The net result of these intersecting fields is a slightly greater Zeron pressure on the remote side of each body. The differential Zeron pressure results in a force that pushes the two masses towards each other. This differential force is what we recognise as the force of gravity.
Gravity has traditionally been conceptualized as a force of attraction. In truth no such force of attraction exists anywhere within the universe. Attraction is always inverse repulsion. The force pushing any two masses together consists of out-to-in forces from the remote side of each mass. Being a difference between forces arising from slightly different Zeron pressures and not a force in its own right explains the weakness of the Gravitational force in comparison to the forces which act at the nuclear scale such as the strong nuclear force. The Zeron theory of gravity also explains the instantaneous effect of the gravitational force. There is no need for a "signal" to alter the force if the inter-body distance is changed. There is no traveling waveform by which the force of gravity is transmitted. Each body is immersed in the field of the other. The overall Zeron-induced gravitational field is effectively static. A movement of one body away from the other is simply a movement of each body into a pre-existent and weaker gravity field. The change in the gravitational force being a purely local effect for each body is therefore instantaneous in its effect.
What about the equivalence of inertia and Gravity? The Cosma is a perfect fluid. Inertia arises from the properties of such a fluid. Gravity arises from the effect of a Zeron field. These are apparently two very disparate origins. The commonality comes from the fact that both forces are due the difference between two Zeron pressures. The forces behave identically and it is only because we have chosen to express acceleration and the resulting inertial forces in terms of ''g'' the gravitational constant that we see them as being equivalent.
We stated at the beginning of this article that Zerons have zero gravitational mass. We can see now why this is so. The behavior of Zerons constitutes the base mechanism for the production of the gravitational force. Zerons as individual entities are not in themselves affected by such fields and thus have Zero gravitational mass.


Everyday Phenomena

Solids Liquids Gases and Plasma
Have you ever read a good explanation of the reason for the existence of the different phases of matter? I haven't. Zeron theory provides a simple model for these four states of matter. With some exceptions most materials are solid at relatively low temperatures, liquid at intermediate temperatures, gases at high temperatures and plasma at even higher temperatures. For any particular material, at the lower temperatures, when the material is solid, fast-Zeron activity within the material is at a relatively low level. This is because "temperature" is a function of and is a manifestation of fast-Zeron resonance frequency. Fast-Zeron activity is present within all materials. Only within the core of the nucleus of an atom is this fast-Zeron activity absent. At relatively higher temperatures when the material becomes liquid, the Zeron resonance frequency is higher and likewise is higher still when the material gasifies. In solid form, the difference between internal and external Zeron pressure results in a differential "out-to-in" Zeron pressure. This net pressure is sufficient to interlock the atoms that are then able to resist shear forces. In the liquid phase, this differential pressure is less and the resistance to shear reduces suddenly to a low level. The interlock effect is largely lost but the atoms still hold together under the influence of the differential pressure. In the gaseous form, the differential pressure is insufficient to overcome the natural repulsive forces between electron shells and the disassociated atoms repel each other to form a gas. The gas will expand indefinitely unless restrained. There is one other form of matter. It is called Plasma. Plasma according to conventional physics is a gas from which all the electrons have been stripped. Plasmas are formed at very high temperatures. Zeron theory has a different view. Its not that electrons are stripped from the plasma, but that at very high temperatures, the frequency in the Cosma is such that the atom's nucleus simply cannot keep up to form a resonating interaction with the Cosma. No electron shells are formed at all. Once more Zeron theory presents simple and logical explanations.

Tensile Strength
We can get some idea of the enormous forces imposed by Zeron pressure if we look at the way materials develop resistance to being pulled apart. The key to all tensile capability in materials is the fact that there is less fast-Zeron activity inside solids than there is outside them. In the same way that differential Zeron pressure acts on the nucleus of the atom to hold it together, so on the macro scale differential fast-Zeron pressure holds materials together by compression. The difference between internal Zeron pressure and external Zeron pressure constitutes an external-to-internal force, which resists any tensile force imposed on the object. We get some idea of the magnitude of this Zeron pressure if we try and pull a small diameter steel bar apart. One needs a very powerful machine to do this. It's incredible to realize that this very high tensile force is developed by a differential Zeron pressure acting on the ends of the rod. The magnitude of the force is also moderated by the crystalline structure in the material. It seems clear that there is more fast-Zeron activity in the planes between crystals than within them. It is for this reason that single crystals of substances exhibit much larger tensile strengths than their crystalline matrix counterparts. Simple isn't it?

Dust Adherence
Housewives can blame the Zeron for the curse of dust that adheres to everything in sight. Small solid particles (dust or powder) will adhere tenaciously to any surface. That this is not an "electrostatic" phenomenon can be deduced from the fact that dust or powder will readily adhere to an earthed metal object. Differential Zeron pressure lies at the root of this phenomenon. The dust particle comes into contact with a surface and settles, making contact with the surface at three points. At the points of contact, fast-Zeron activity is inhibited compared to the Zeron activity on the rest of the dust particle. This leads to a net force that pushes the dust particles towards the surface. We interpret this as adherence. The only way to get the dust particle to release its grip is to apply a greater force than the force of adherence by using a duster or cloth. Having removed the dust particle, it gleefully clings to the cloth by the same means! You never thought that such an everyday phenomenon had an answer in advanced physics!

Glue Solder Brazing Welding
All these joining techniques depend on the formation of a solid between the two bodies that are required to be joined. Fast Zeron activity is less within the joining material than it is outside the bodies being joined. Differential Zeron pressure provides the compressive force that holds the bodies together. The degree of adherence depends on the extent to which the "glue" excludes fast Zeron activity.
An interesting effect that tends to confirm this finding is found with engineering gauge blocks. These are blocks of metal that are machined to very high tolerances and have, as far as can be attained, perfectly flat faces. If one slides two blocks together, so excluding air from between the surfaces, it is found that the blocks cling together tenaciously. The force required to part them far exceeds the force to break the vacuum between the blocks. This effect is called the Casimir Effect, which has never been satisfactorily explained. It's simply that by mating two accurately machined surfaces together we inhibit fast-Zeron activity between them and the external compression comes into effect. It's a sort of glue-less glue.

Through the Looking Glass
Clear glass is transparent - right? Wrong! When the light wave hits the surface of glass it is absorbed, transformed into Zeron energy, re-emitted as light energy, and so on millions of times, and eventually transformed into light and emitted on the far side of the glass! And Zeron theory was supposed to make things simpler?
Let us look at the steps listed above. Firstly, provided the light ray is composed of the correct range of frequencies, the random impact of the Zerons on the surface of the glass, (which is what holds it together), is modified by a train of lateral vibrations representing the incoming light wave. The molecules on the surface of the glass absorb the light wave packets, get excited momentarily, the electron shell takes a jump, finds itself out of synch with its environment, and reverts back to a more comfortable status, emitting an identical impact wave. This gets passed on from molecule to molecule with each performing in an identical way. Ultimately the molecule on the far surface of the glass behaves identically to its corresponding molecule on the near surface and emits essentially the same wave packet as was received on the near side. Within the glass there is essentially a complicated absorption and emission sequence that transfers energy from molecule to molecule rather than a direct transmittal of light energy through the glass. Now this process takes time and it is therefore not surprising that the passage of light energy through glass is accomplished at a lower velocity than the speed of light through a vacuum. Now glass is a nice amorphous type of material, (actually it is a liquid) with no internal crystalline faces to mess up the undistorted transmission of the energy waves. And so at the other face of the glass, the surface molecules are forced into a carbon copy behavior of the atoms on the near side. Provided the far side of the glass is plane and parallel to the near side, the pattern transmitted is identical to the pattern absorbed. We perceive the glass to be "transparent"! If however the far side of the glass is not parallel to the near side, the emission of the light packets is direction influenced in accordance with the plane of the far side. This is of course the way we make prisms and lenses. If the wavelengths are such that the vibrational frequency of the incoming wave is not close enough to the natural frequency of vibration of the glass molecule, no absorption of the incoming energy takes place and the glass is perceived as being opaque to those frequencies. Glass, for instance, is a poor transmitter of infrared and certain ranges of ultraviolet light. It can be deduced therefore that light transmittal through glass is essentially a resonant phenomenon.



I have found it to be an amusing pastime to interpret what is going on around me in Zeron terms. My friends and family aren't so amused! But if you would like to join the ranks of the Zeron-struck community or find explanations for the peculiar shape of the graph of the Strong Nuclear Force, the basis of magnetism, why homeopathy works, the discovery of the Universal Reference Frame, how every phenomenon in nature can be expressed in terms of one particle one force and one law and more you could go to www.tedjaeckel.com for more information. The following is the end quote from the book and is the last word in this series of articles.

We end with a profound statement from Einstein, perhaps revealing his own unease about the theories he had authored:

"I consider it quite possible that physics might not be based on the field concept, i.e., on continuous structures. In that case, nothing remains of my entire castle in the air, gravitation theory included, [and of] the rest of modern physics."

Indeed, Zeron theory has shown that physics is not based on the field concept or on other continuous structures. Physics is based on non-continuous discrete prime particles.

The castle in the air has collapsed!

For the last time I hope I have not trodden on too many TOEs and critique of what is presented here is always welcome.

Ted Jaeckel
(Tedjay)