Quantum Mechanics

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Quantum Mechanics

While studying quantum mechanics, there are four points to keep in mind.

First, quantum mechanics is not a theory. More than eighty years of lab experiments proved the principles to be valid. Mathematics of quantum theory precisely predicts and reproduces the results of physical experiments. We are applying the principles in making delicate instruments and building precise computers. Quantum mechanics is science of subatomic arena.

Second, Quantum mechanics is weird. In this arena,certainty of macro world is replaced by uncertainty and super position of states. Casualty and cause and effect can reverse so cause appears before effect(second Feynman diagram). Direction of time can reverse also and future appear before past. Entanglement exists without apparent link. The law of conservation of energy gets pale in many instances. And so forth and so on.

Third , apparently and we can not utilize the logic of classical physics to interpret the weirdness of quantum mechanical phenomena. We have to develop a new logic to accommodate a reality which is beyond our today's consensus reality.

And the last point, quantum is not something remote which belongs to laboratories and scientists, It is the basic building block of our body and our macro world and the laws of classical physics are constructed and derived by its mechanics. One of the main tasks of this theory is to propose explanations for unexplained findings in quantum theory.

Quantum Mechanics

One of the main tasks of this theory is to propose explanations for unexplained findings in quantum theory. Mathematics of quantum theory precisely predicts and reproduces the results of physical experiments, But it does not explain the strange behavior we are facing with, neither it helps us to understand them. Niels Bohr's approach to Quantum Mechanics was just to observe the observations and not trying to find causality for their presence or explain the reality and history behind them. Albert Einstein on the other hand believed that universe is made of real objects with real and persistent properties but Quantum Mechanic theory is deficient and cannot reveal the hidden variables, which affect the mechanics of the findings. He believed these variables do exist. Einstein believed a deeper theory would find these variables, which are hidden in our experiments. Most physicists have not favored hidden variable theories. Experiments and calculation results contradict these theories. Although Bohemian mechanics tries to offer an explanation for it.(35)

Here I am suggesting a non-local media, which is connecting different points of space together. Let's see if this model can offer reasonable explanations for different quantum mechanical paradoxes. I hope this model can be accepted as the Einstein's deeper theory, which explains the results of quantum experiments and brings the deterministic reality back to picture. At the same time, because it has a mind component, it contains some of the interpretations and views of Neils Bohr. Here are some conclusions derived from quantum theory;

In the nucleus there is a "sea of quarks", which continually pop into and out of existence in our Space-time universe due to quantum fluctuations. This violates the causality principle that we so religiously adhere to, unless we expand the series of related events out of our space-time. Above I suggested that energy can penetrate from Planck holes and create the sea of quarks. Also matter can transform to energy and leave our space-time. Can this two-way transformation of energy and matter be an explanation for quantum foam? “Even in flat space, one can find quantum states in which the energy density is negative locally although the total energy is positive.” (Ref 6, p145) Normally the fluctuation and transformation cancel out each other with no effect. In intergalactic space, the sum of the transformation activities can be slightly positive. This can be responsible for accelerating expansion of space-time. In this scenario we do not have to suppose the notion of negative energy.

Quantum fluctuation on the other hand is comparable to mind activities during awakeness. During normal mind activities our consciousness intermittently is in and out of objective world. In another word, our consciousness' constantly fluctuates between two different arenas. We are alternating between sensation and imagination domains. We may say that our mind is constantly popping into and out of the physical world? We can also use sleep dreaming and awakeness as an analogy. While we are awake we are time bonded and local. We also are dealing with objective reality most of the time. While we are sleep we depart from objective world and become non-local and floating out of time limits. Please refer to Quantum Mind By Arnold Mindell on the related topics. (Ref 14) Dr. Mindell very clearly shows the many resemblances between mind activity and quantum behavior. There is no way that I can do any better.

Orbiting electron is present at the same time in a whole region of space and has a whole range of velocities. In the current understanding of the atom, an orbital is not something like the orbit of a planet around the sun. It is a probability distribution in space. And, the electron cannot be said to be really 'moving'. Current physics explanation says that, subatomic particles do not occupy a specific location. Also they do not follow a trajectory in space to reach to new position. This violates the locality rule in space. Experiments reveal that the electron only ever moves radially -- in and out.... But yet it covers the whole angular range. So this way, it defies 'steel ball' or 'classical' interpretations. Alternatively, we can claim that, an electron inside atom orbits, is everywhere and nowhere. If we cannot follow electrons trajectory, we have to come to conclusion that at times it is absent, and does not occupy a spatial location. If it does not follow the space-time rule of locality, may I suggest that electron or its trace travels to singularity and comes back to our space-time in different location?

This interpretation brings the experiments to a more understandable and meaningful event. "The maximum speed through space occurs if all of an object's motion through time is diverted to motion through space...but having used up all of its motion through time, this is the fastest speed through space that one object - any object - can possibly achieve". (Ref 1, p51) Can we say that if an object approaches the speed limit and, trying to pass that, it will exit our space-time universe and join the singularity? Can traveling back and forth to singularity be an explanation for quantum leap?

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

According to Heisenberg and his Uncertainty Principle, we cannot simultaneously determine the position and momentum of a particle.

Dx (location) = h (Plank Constant)/Dp (momentum)

Can it be that this hypothesis about the uncertainty of location of particles is produced by our unconscious attempt to apply Newtonian laws to subatomic particles?To justify the uncertainty principle, error in measurement and lack of appropriate tool are brought up. Neither is very convincing. Can we assume that, we cannot detect particles because they loose their mass and leave the space-time? May be they join an entity, which is non-local, and appear again in a location, which fells in the domain of the orbit. Known Physics tell us that we cannot track a subatomic particle by any method whatsoever. Let us add “ in objective world” to the sentence. The problem arises when we are expecting to see the whole picture in just one arena, real number domain. As an analogy, please note that we can not follow and understand a three dimensional motion in its entirely in a two dimensional world.“ … Heisenberg used matrices _ whole array of numbers _to represent the positions and motions of an atomic particle.“ (Ref 8, p56) In his calculation to create the matrix he used the symbol i which stands for square root of –1, an imaginary number. He had to choose a number, which is out of the domain of our real numbers. We cannot ignore the quantity i and call it imaginary. We have to accept that it stands for a kind of reality. Neither we can ignore Hilbert space. Quantum mathematics drags us to a scope “ …that is really an infinity of imaginary worlds.“ (Ref 8, p57)

If mathematics so precisely is predicting the mystery world of quantum behavior, we have to value its elements. We have to accept that its unexplained or inapplicable measures to our physical world have an actual meaning. Let us revisit the uncertainty principle. The most famous one is the uncertainty between location and momentum of a subatomic particle. Please note that one of the elements is spatial and the other is energy related. We can say as locality gets blurred the energy is more defined.

We can extend the principle to time and energy in a system.

DE Dt = or bigger than h/2p

The exited state of a radioactive atomic Nucleus decays with time. If the lifetime of such a state is Dt, it can be shown that the energy of the exited states is uncertain by

DE = or greater than h/2pDt.” (Ref 11, p59)