Fundamental Particles

[Guille]

My understanding about the fundamental particles can't be called extend but I think it isn't very reduced. Here I have the list, If you know any particle I didn't include, or if I did an error or whatever, post it.

Fundamental particles are devided into two types: force carriers and matter particles.

The force carriers are called bosons.

the matter particles are called fermions.

There are 12 fundamental matter particles.

Matter particles are devided into two groups: quarks and leptons.

Matter particles are devided into three famelies: 1st, 2nd and 3rd.

Quarks are devided into three pairs.

The quarks are (wroten in pairs): quark up and quark down, quark charm and quark strange, quark top and quark bottom.

Leptons are devided into two categories: neutrinos and non-neutrinos

Non-neutrinos are the: electron, muon and tao.

Neutrinos are the: neutrinos of the electron, neutrinos of the muon and neutrinos io the tao. (actually, the neutrinos of the electron was discovere dfirst and called simply neutrinos, but then they discovered the other two and when they saw there relationships (the scientists) the change the name to neutrinos of the electron).

The famelies are:

1st. electron, neutrinos of the electron, quark up and quark down.

2nd. muon, neutrinos of the muon, quark charm and quark strange.

3rd. tau, neutrinos of the tau, quark top and quark bottom.

Then, there are the force carriers. These are devided into four categories because there are four forces. (amazing, no?)

Gravitons are for gravity.

Photons (particles of light) are for the elctromagnetic force.

Gluons for the strong nuclear force.

Gauge bosons asociated with the weak nuclear force, og which there are three types: w+, w- and z^0.

Now I have finished this explenation, and proceed to my questions:

What are hadrons?

What are higgs?

Is there another name for the category of non-neutrinos in leptons?

Does anybody know when any of these was discovered? or have a link to a place they say when they had been discovered? (not predicted, but actually discovered empirically).

Are there any more fundamental particles, or even more fundamental than these? (is any of these not fundamental?) (I know about strings, so don't have to mention them)

Last but not least, here there is a very good link where there are all of these particles plus some interesting info that I didn't post becuase this would be too much: the mass, spin, electric charge, and if they have been seen, not seen, or indirectly seen.
http://superstringtheory.com/experm/exper2.html

[Guille]

I forgot to mention that all the matter particles have an anti-particle which has the opposite electrical charge. The gluons w+ and w- are the only force particles with electrical charge, and the only ones with anti-particles.

[AntonioLao]

What are hadrons? What are higgs?

hadron are fundamental particles that interact thru the strong force. They are made up of quarks. There are two groups: baryons and mesons. The baryons are made up of 3 quarks. This 3 combinations make baryons colorless. The mesons are made of 2 quarks: 1 quark and 1 anti-quark (not necessarily of the same flavors).

the Higgs boson is the quantum of the scalar field. This scalar field is needed to explain the force of anti-gravity during the inflationary phase of the universe.

[Guille]

hadron are fundamental particles that interact thru the strong force. They are made up of quarks. There are two groups: baryons and mesons. The baryons are made up of 3 quarks. This 3 combinations make baryons colorless. The mesons are made of 2 quarks: 1 quark and 1 anti-quark (not necessarily of the same flavors).

the Higgs boson is the quantum of the scalar field. This scalar field is needed to explain the force of anti-gravity during the inflationary phase of the universe.

Is there empirical evidence of higgs existance?

and/or evidence of anti-gravity existance?

thanks for the hadrons info.

[AntonioLao]

Higgs and repulsive gravity exist in the early life of the universe at Planck energy of [math]10^{19}[/math] GeV.

[Guille]

Higgs and repulsive gravity exist in the early life of the universe at Planck energy of [math]10^{19}[/math] GeV.

So then, are higgs the old anti-particles of the gravitons? (I don't mean opposite elctric charge)

[AntonioLao]

no. Higgs is massive, graviton is massless.

[Guille]

no. Higgs is massive, graviton is massless.

ahhhhhhhhh......that is the difference.

But, if there are actually five different types of force carriers (bosons, or force particles), then, why is it said that there are only 4 fundamental forces? and four different types of bosons?

[AntonioLao]

the 4 types of vector bosons (photon, W and Z, gluon, graviton) combined into a 5th scalar boson (Higgs), carrier of the convection currents of true vacuum and anti-gravity. This 5th scalar boson was manifested very early in the universe at very high energy. To produce it the same high energy is needed. This energy is about [math]10^{15}[/math] GeV.

[bsaucer]

I thought the graviton is a "tensor", higher order than a vector. Vectors have spin 1. Gravitons have spin 2. Higgs has spin zero (scalor).