On the Spherical Wave Structure of Matter and the Origin of the Natural Laws. Explaining the Particle Wave Duality of Light and Matter with the Wave Structure of Matter (WSM).
Milo Wolff, Technotran Press, 1124 Third Street, Manhattan Beach, CA 90266

(With editing and further comments from Geoff Haselhurst, Feb. 2003)


Part I - Introduction 1. Natural laws.
Our knowledge of science is based on the natural laws that describe the behaviour of particles. The laws are the rules for calculating electricity, gravity, relativity, quantum mechanics, and conservation of energy and momentum. The origins have been unknown. Now the origin of the natural laws is found to be a quantitative result of a Wave Structure of Matter (WSM). The basic method is very simple. The ancient Greek notion of a point particle, still in use today, is replaced with a spherical wave structure, thus confirming the beliefs of Clifford1 and Schroedinger2 that the Wave properties of both Light and Matter are in fact real.

Figure 1. The Electron. The electron is composed of spherical waves which converge to the center and then become outward waves. The two waves form a standing wave whose peaks and nodes are like the layers of an onion. The wave amplitude is a scalar number like a quantum wave, not an electromagnetic vector wave (a mathematical wave of force). The Wave-Center is the apparent location of the electron 'particle'.
+ = This (very rough!) diagram shows how the Spherical In and Out Waves form a Standing Wave around the Wave-Center 'particle'.
The simplicity is illustrated by Figure 1. which shows the structure of an electron. It is just two waves: an inward wave converging to the Wave-Center, combined with an outward diverging wave, forming a Spherical Standing Wave about the Wave-Center (which we observe as the point 'particle'). The properties of these simple waves are immense when combined with the equally simple waves of the proton. The myriad combinations are like the eight note musical scale which become the grand symphonies of Wagner and Beethoven.
__________________________________________________ _______________

The rules of wave combination are of great importance to science because the rules and quantum spin determine the structure of the Atomic Table, which dictates the varied forms of matter: metals, crystals, semi-conductors, and the molecules of life. The deep understanding of basic physics that is revealed opens a door to broad fields of applied technology such as integrated circuits, photonics, and commercial energy. It reveals a universe of real quantum wave structures in a space medium that we live in but seldom are aware of. The medium is the heart of wave structure because its properties underlie the wave properties.
2. Human senses and survival.
We don't easily see the space wave medium because our survival as an animal species depended mostly on our ability to fight with other animals seeking food, and to compete for mates that produce children, not closely related to the quantum space medium. Our sensory mechanisms evolved to directly aid our survival not to be aware of quantum matter. In our self-focused human perspective few of us are even aware of the wave medium in which we exist. For survival, it doesn't matter what space is, or whether we can observe it - it exists unseen. This situation is much like the life of a fish who cannot comprehend the existence of water because he is too deeply immersed in it. Like the fish, traditional scientists have tended to comprehend the universe in terms of their local experiences.
Our misconceptions are revealed by anthropology, which teaches that the quantum wave universe is not as helpful to survival of our personal genes as recognizing apples we can eat and avoiding tigers who want to eat us. We need to recognize those quickly. Thus it was not necessary that nature equip us to observe quantum waves, although as will be seen below we do observe their presence and effects. Lacking direct personal experience of simple quantum waves, people chose to imagine that the electron is a discrete 'particle,' like a bullet. Laboratory evidence does not support this human-oriented idea. Accordingly, belief must change from discrete particles to quantum wave structure.
Human perspective has another bias. We tend to see space as three rectangular dimensions, one of which is the vertical gravity vector of Earth, plus two other vectors perpendicular to it, shaped like the houses we live in. But in the cosmos, the shape of the enormous universe is spherical whose important dimensions are inward and outward, the direction of waves in space. In fact it requires three coordinates to describe a sphere, and it is this spherical geometry of Matter that is the cause of the three rectangular dimensions (as formalised by Descartes). In the vast expanse of the real universe, gravity occurs so rarely, that its direction is inconsequential in the larger scheme of things, despite its local importance to us. Accordingly, we feel comfortable with rectangular coordinates but tend to ignore the spherical universe. This explains why Einstein used Spherical Geometry in his General Relativity, he writes;
From the latest results of the theory of relativity it is probable that our three dimensional space is also approximately spherical, that is, that the laws of disposition of rigid bodies in it are not given by Euclidean geometry, but approximately by spherical geometry.
The proof of the WSM is that the physical structure of the electron, and the empirical natural laws can be obtained mathematically from three basic principles describing the wave space medium. In other words, all the experimental measurements of historical physics that described natural behaviour are now predicted by three fundamental principles. The laws and the principles agree with each other - each is the proof of the other.
You will see that the wave structure of matter is simple. In contrast, old discrete particle-structured physics required dozens of assumptions plus many more arbitrary constants to explain the operation of the laws. Many properties and laws, like electron spin, were puzzling with no understanding or origin. The puzzles are now swept away. Particle-structured physics can be compared to the theory of epicycles of the planets around the Earth before Galileo found that the planets travelled around the Sun. It satisfies our human prejudices but does not explain the measured facts.
3. Philosophical Truth and Physical Reality
Many people, from the old Greek philosophers such as Democritus and Pythagoras, up to the colleagues of Albert Einstein, sought to understand the structure of the tiny atoms and molecules of the objects in our everyday world. Until recently, most answers have been speculation created in analogy to human scale objects around us; like baseballs and bullets, and grains of sand. Atoms were imagined to move like other familiar objects such as moons around planets and toy tops spinning on a table. These analogies make us feel comfortable. We prefer to ignore strange new ideas so as Churchill said, We often stumble onto the truth but most of us brush ourselves off and pretend it did not happen! (Winston Churchill)
Serious thinkers, such as Einstein, Dirac, Schrodinger, and Ernst Mach, realized that the analogies were wrong. Instead, experimental measurements showed that the structure of matter was closely related to the properties of the apparently empty space around us, and that the elements of matter had to:
a) have spherical symmetry.
b) be extended in space. (As Einstein realised)
c) possess a means of exchanging energy.
d) possess wave properties (As Quantum Theory was founded on Wave Equations).
Their thinking produced conclusions which in hindsight were prophetic. For example, Einstein rejected the discrete point particle and stated, Matter must be spherical entities extended in space. Erwin Schroedinger8 understood the requirements of particle structure when he wrote in 1937: What we observe as material bodies and forces are nothing but shapes and variations in the structure of space. Particles are just schaumkommen. (appearances) He believed that quantum waves were real, not probability distributions with a particle hidden inside. He saw that abolishing the discrete point particle would remove the paradoxes of 'wave-particle duality' and the 'collapse of the wave function'. They arrived at their valid conclusions by painstaking analysis and careful adherence to the rules of logic, and the philosophy of truth. But their thinking was ignored for sixty years. Truth is no match for belief. Machiavelli understood this human behaviour 500 years ago (1513): There is nothing more difficult to plan, more doubtful of success, more dangerous to manage than the creation of a new system. The innovator has the enmity of all who profit by the preservation of the old system and only lukewarm defenders by those who would gain by the new system.
The predictions of these pioneers, verified and described here, is that matter is a wave structure embedded in space. This result not only satisfies the experimental work, but surprisingly displays an immense but simple tapestry of the physical universe. Awe-inspiring connections between matter, ourselves, and the cosmos are found. The application of the electron wave structure reaches out, on the one hand, to unsuspected fields of cosmology such as the big bang (there was no Big Bang, space has always existed, infinite and eternal), the red shift (is not caused by Doppler shift due to receding Motion, but rather due to decreasing Wave Motion interactions with distance) and the structure of the universe (which is determined by the size of the electron / Spherical Standing Wave within an Infinite Space). On the practical side, a new tool is provided that will enable us to deeply understand and improve industrial devices such as computers, micro circuits, and the efficient transmission of electric energy.
The authors, and others who have contributed, recognize that wave structures truly describe physical reality for the first time. We are scientists who care greatly for truth and are aware of its power. Obviously we are aware that this is a major and remarkable claim; the discovery of physical reality has been a holy grail of intellectual thought earnestly sought for thousands of years. Our aim is to describe the Spherical Standing Wave Structure of Matter in the simplest possible way. Our hope is that readers will gain information and perspective so that they will be able to confirm for themselves that this is a sensible theory of reality which does indeed logically deduce the laws of nature (reality) correctly as observed.
This does not mean that this is written only for the scientist and intellectual academic. On the contrary, one of the great powers of philosophy, the study of truth, is the awareness that truth simplifies and removes contradiction and paradox. Because the truth has remained hidden for so long and has deceived great minds, many people quite reasonably, could assume that this subject is too complex and difficult for them to understand. No! This is not the case. The structure of matter has an underlying simplicity that makes it easy to understand. The story of its discovery becomes an adventure for everyone. It is an exciting mystery of how centuries of effort, were thwarted not by scientific complexity, but by the frailties of human emotions, economic ambition, and the power of politics. Einstein, after developing the General Theory of Relativity, had an enormous knowledge of the foundation of nature. At that time his major uncompleted goals were to find connections between quantum theory and the role of space and matter in nature. Sadly, his ideas needed only slight alterations / additions to lead to the Wave Structure of Matter.
4. Finding Laws, space, and the structure of the electron
Obviously, finding the structure of the electron was also the key to finding the origin of the natural laws. As the Electron interacts with all other matter in the Universe it is necessary that the electron was entwined with the laws that describe the behaviour of all matter. Thus it should not be a surprise but merely, recognition that we had over-looked an important character of nature. Let us look at how the process of deduction might have proceeded to find the connections with the electron.
The origins of Natural Laws.
The business of physics is the abstract description and quantification of facts observed in nature. The rules we form for reconstruction and expression of the observed facts are the laws and Principles of nature. Since past laws were obtained by measurement of nature rather than derived from other knowledge, they are by definition empirical and of unknown origin. Therefore if we seek to find the origins of laws we cannot use the existing laws themselves but must use other observed facts together with logical deduction and established mathematics to find the origins. The old empirical laws are only a guide and not the source. We are on new ground. Kant first formalise this, and recognised that Physics must be founded on a priori principles rather than a posteriori /empirical observations (which as Hume pointed out, were uncertain, merely habits of thinking that depended upon the assumption that the future would continue to be like the past). Kant writes;
'Natural science (physics) contains in itself synthetical judgmentsa priori, as principles.'
Kant also realised that Space was a priori;
'Space then is a necessary representation a priori, which serves for the foundation of all external intuitions. We never can imagine or make a representation to ourselves of the non-existence of space, though we may easily enough think that no objects are found in it. It must, therefore, be considered as the condition of the possibility of appearances, and by no means as a determination dependent on them, and is a representation a priori, which necessarily supplies the basis for external appearances.'
Accordingly the search for origins must probe deeper into the nature of Space than heretofore and we must be prepared to find new perspectives. The unexplained puzzles of nature, of particles and of cosmology are attractive sources of input data in the search for the origins of empirical laws. Finally, the proof of the origins of laws so deduced is a match between the observed empirical rules and the predictions of the new origins.
Circular reasoning. When seeking origins, it is important not to inadvertently use existing rules (laws) to deduce them. Such circular reasoning can occur if, for example, a mechanical model from macro-physics is assumed to be the structure of an electron. Such common errors are the use of toy tops, sheets and rings of charge, masses in orbit around each other, , Although the quantum laws of quantum particles can be extrapolated to large macro-objects, the inverse is not possible. Logically, finding the origins of existing laws (rules) requires forming new concepts that nevertheless satisfy observed data.
As Einstein writes;
Physics constitutes a logical system of thought which is in a state of evolution, whose basis cannot be distilled, as it were, from experience by an inductive method, but can only be arrived at by free invention. ... We must always be ready to change these notions - that is to say, the axiomatic basis of physics (Principles) - in order to do justice to perceived facts in the most perfect way logically. ... It is the grand object of all theory to make these irreducible elements (Principles) as simple and as few in number as possible, without having to renounce the adequate representation of any empirical content whatever. ... If, then, it is true that the axiomatic basis of theoretical physics cannot be extracted from experience but must be freely invented, can we ever hope to find the right way? I answer without hesitation that there is, in my opinion, a right way, and that we are capable of finding it. I hold it true that pure thought can grasp reality, as the ancients dreamed. (Einstein, Ideas and Opinions, 1954)
The new perspective. The discovery of these origins creates a radical new perspective of the physical world: Quantum Mechanics and Einstein's Relativity are united, a single origin of forces is found, puzzles and paradoxes are explained and, most important, relationships between microphysics (electrons and particles) and the universe (cosmology) are seen to be a result of an all-pervading space (the vacuum, ether, wave medium) filled with oscillating quantum waves of the matter of the universe.
Part II - The Connections of the electron and the laws

This part is a discussion of the broad and universal relationships between electrons and the natural laws.
Let us examine the meaning of these words. Our concept of universe is a collection of particles and their distribution. Thus without particles to populate a universe, the universe concept has no meaning. Accordingly, our concept of our universe depends on understanding the particles in it. Especially we need to understand the connections with the electron and proton, because the charge fields of those two particles extend throughout the universe. The natural laws have no meaning without particles because laws demand the presence of particles, upon which the laws can operate. Particles are meaningless without the laws to identify them. We conclude that an understanding of the connections between particles, laws, and the universe is essential to understand the whole and its parts. Each requires the existence of the others. Therefore, we cannot expect to fully understand cosmology unless we also understand the relationships within the trilogy shown in Figure 2.
5. Measurement is a Property of an Ensemble of Matter.
A particle entirely alone in the universe cannot have dimensions of time, length or mass. These measures are undefined without the existence of other matter because dimensions can only be defined in comparison with other matter. For example, at least six separated particles are necessary to crudely define length in a 3D space: four to establish coordinates and two being measured. Thus the measurement concept requires the existence of an ensemble of particles. In our universe the required ensemble must include all observable matter, because there is no way to choose a special ensemble. The importance of this fact becomes clear when we recall that time, length and mass are the basic unit set used to describe all scientific measurements.

Figure 2. Inter-dependence. Laws particles, and the cosmos are inter-connected by the quantum waves of particle structures in the 'ether' medium of space. These interconnections are described by three Principles that define the properties of the space medium.
6. Particle Properties Require Perception-communication Between Particles.
If there were no means for each particle to sense the presence of other matter in its universe, the required dimensional relationships above could not be established. How can a particle possess a property that is dependent on other particles, if there is no way for the particles to impart their presence to each other? Without communication, each particle would be alone in its own separate universe. Therefore continual two-way perceptive communication between each particle and other matter in its universe is needed to establish the laws of nature. Spherical quantum waves forming the particles are the means of communication. The laws are then established in terms of the dimensions (units) established by waves of the entire ensemble of matter.
7. The Measurement of Time requires a cosmological clock.
Using reasoning similar to the above but for the dimension of time, we can conclude that time measurement requires the existence of cyclic events among the particles of the universe; a kind of clock. Those properties of particles that involve the measurement of time, notably velocity, mass and frequency, cannot have a meaning if particles have no scale of time. That is, the particles must have a way to compare their own cyclic events with other particles. Therefore, there must exist a standard cosmological clock. One proposal by de Broglie is an oscillator (clock) contained in every electron. By viewing his proposal in a wave medium, we see that electron oscillators can communicate with other electrons and particles. Because of the uniformity of space (the oscillator medium) the clock frequencies would be alike throughout the universe. We should note that a nearly uniform space medium is required in nature, otherwise each clock would tick independently of others; different clocks in different places would produce chaos of the laws. Natural laws involving time would be meaningless.
Thus we realise that Wave Motions are the underlying Cause of Time (and Matter), something both Aristotle and Spinoza suspected;
..about Matter's coming into being and all its alterations we think that we have knowledge when we know the source of its movement.
... there is some other cause of the change. And to seek for this is to seek for the second kind of principle, as we would say, that from which comes the beginning of the change. ... Unless the further factor is active, there will still be no movement.
Motion must always have been in existence, and the same can be said for Time itself, since it is not even possible for there to be an earlier and a later if time does not exist. Movement, then, is also continuous in the way in which time is - indeed time is either identical to movement or is some affection of it. ... there being two causes of which we have defined in the Physics, they seem to have a glimpse of them, that of matter and that from which the motion comes, indistinctly though, and in no way clearly. (Aristotle, 350BC Metaphysics)
Moreover, no one doubts but that we imagine time from the very fact that we imagine other bodies to be moved slower or faster or equally fast. (Spinoza, Ethics)
8. We live in an inter-connected universe.
The above discussions of the requirements of the laws of science make it clear that inter-connections must exist between matter, the laws, and the universe. Independence of objects is not possible, for example, no planet, no star, no galaxy, can exist without the rest. We know this because astronomical measurements show that the same laws apply in the farthest galaxy, as here on Earth. And we also know because 'time' has the same meaning from one moment to the next. These requirements are not the fantasy of a supreme law-maker who declares that the Standard Model applies everywhere. The only logical conclusion is that matter and laws are inter-connected throughout the universe by a physical mechanism - waves. As Smolin correctly writes;
It can no longer be maintained that the properties of any one thing in the universe are independent of the existence or non-existence of everything else. It is, at last, no longer sensible to speak of a universe with only one thing in it. (Smolin, 1997)
The details of inter-connection will be discussed in later sections and it will be seen that the natural laws originate from the properties of the quantum waves of the particles (electron, proton, etc) , and the properties of space. It will also become clear that the classic point-particle model of charge and mass substance cannot satisfy either the logic of science or the many puzzles of physics. The model is only a historical relic and its presence in the 'Standard Model' of physics is an obstacle to progress. This is evident in the comments from Davies, which highlights the problems of modern physics which is founded on the particle concept;
The idea that something can be both a wave and a particle defies imagination, but the existence of this wave-particle duality is not in doubt. ... It is impossible to visualise a wave-particle, so don't try. ... The notion of a particle being everywhere at once is impossible to imagine.' (Davies, Superforce)


To be continued: Refer Auxiliary T.O.E. Pt VI