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Spherical Standing Wave (Two Dimensional Cross Section)


(Interior becomes increasingly more dense with approach to center, squared to microcosmic infinity. - K. B. Robertson 5/18/07 Re: 'Wavicle')

+ =
This very rough! diagram shows how the In-Waves and Out-Waves form a Standing Wave around the Wave-Center 'particle'
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New physics and old physics
Study of the wave structure of the electron and other matter is a rewarding adventure in which you find the origin of the natural laws, a new powerful tool of technology, and a revealing window on science, cosmology, and ourselves. But some old mainstream attitudes must be discarded. For instance, a quantum physicist may expect that all quantum phenomena must derive from Schrodinger's Equation. No. It is the other way around; Schrodinger's Wave Equation is derived from the quantum wave structure of matter.
Some concepts must be changed such as the meaning of charge and mass. They are not inherent properties of each independent 'particle'. Instead Nature exists, as Schrodinger suspected, such that location, charge and mass are properties of the wave structure. Some new concepts are added, for example, as Ernst Mach deduced, natural laws and matter here on Earth are dependent on the matter of the rest of the universe. The building blocks of the universe are not the high-energy transient states (hadrons) of the proton, but waves of the electron and positron. Accordingly, the most fruitful arenas of research in the future will be learning the properties of the wave medium (not building accelerators!).
Part III - A short history of the Wave Structure of Matter

9. The pioneers.
A wave structure of matter was proposed 130 years ago by the famous English geometer, William Clifford1, who spoke before the Cambridge Philosophical Society in 1870, All matter is simply undulations in the fabric of space. He developed this concept as three-dimensional dynamics that reduces to four-dimensional kinematics describing matter, electromagnetism and kinetic energy as curvature of a dynamic Riemannian space. His work, the progenitor of the WSM and General Relativity was neglected. In Clifford's thoughts, the mass and charge substances that we assume, do not exist but are properties of a wave structure in space. In short, space waves were real, while mass and charge points are mere appearances of the wave structure; Schaumkommen in the words of Schroedinger2. Their proposals were consistent with present day quantum theory, since quantum mathematics does not depend on a belief in particle or charge substance.
Ernst Mach3 proposed about 1890, that the law of inertia depended on all the matter of the universe. This is known as Mach's Principle. It was the first recognition that a natural law depends on cosmology. Albert Einstein was greatly influenced by it when he deduced the General Theory of Relativity (GTR). Now, Mach's Principle, in a more exacting form, has become Principle II (below) of the Wave Structure of Matter from which all the laws derive.
Paul Dirac4 was never satisfied with the discrete point particle because the infinity of the Coulomb force law had to be corrected by 'renormalization'. He wrote, This is just not sensible mathematics. Sensible mathematics involves neglecting a quantity because it turns out to be small, not neglecting it because it is infinitely large and you do not want it! Of course the inference is that the basic equations are wrong and radical changes need to be made. Dirac seemed to foresee the WSM.
In 1945 Wheeler and Feynman5 (W&F) sought the cause of the radiation from an accelerated charge. Their calculation assumed that the charge generated equal amplitudes of advanced (inward) and retarded (outward) spherical electromagnetic waves. The outward waves evoked a response of the universe; that is, the production of inward waves from absorbing charges elsewhere in the universe. However, the absorber waves began before the moment of acceleration and before arrival of the source waves. The calculated forces due to combined local and absorber waves agreed with empirical formula and appeared to be the cause of energy transfer. Their remarkable result attracted much attention. However, W&F pointed out that the derivation had not been rigorous. Especially, there are no electromagnetic wave solutions in spherical coordinates. In hindsight, the success of the W&F calculation was in part due to suppression of the vector character of the electromagnetic waves so that in effect they were calculating scalar (quantum) waves. A scalar wave equation can rigorously produce two solutions; namely inward and outward spherical waves. Below it will be shown that two scalar waves combined have all the properties of positrons and electrons. The combined waves themselves are the electron and no point mass or charge is needed.
10. The Calculation by Wheeler and Feynman (W&F).
W&F wished to verify the empirical formula for the force of radiation used by Dirac 6 Force = [da/dt]2e2/3c3
where e is the electron charge, c is the velocity of light and a is the acceleration. The mechanism of the force was unknown. They discussed this problem with Einstein who suggested a proposal by Tetrode7 that light (energy) transmission was not a one-way process, but two-way communication between a source molecule or atom and a receiver molecule utilizing inward and outward waves. This proposal was not popular since it appeared to violate the causality concept: Actions should appear before their causes, and because the inward waves appear to be travelling backward in time.
Electromagnetic waves were assumed generated by the acceleration of the 'particle', using special solutions of the wave equation.
Half the difference between inward and outward waves was prescribed. Outward travelling spherical waves encountered absorber charges in the universe that produced spherical inward waves that returned to the initial charge - a response of the Universe. The inward waves from the universe were assumed to begin before the acceleration occurs.
Dirac's empirical formula for the force of acceleration was verified and found to be independent of the properties of the absorber provided that absorption was complete.Remarkably, no inward waves appeared to violate causality because the inward waves from the absorber were cancelled upon arrival by interference with waves from the source charge. The remaining wave fields gave the disturbance demanded by experience in agreement with the prescription of Dirac.
W&F summarized the behaviour of the inward waves: Absorber charges at a large distance produce spherical waves headed towards the source. . . . At the moment the source is accelerated, these waves, just touch the source. . . . Thus all the waves from the absorber charges form an array of approximately plane waves marching towards the source. The (Huygens) envelope of these plane waves is a spherical in-going (advanced) wave. The sphere collapses on the source, and then pours out again as a divergent outward wave.
11. Philosophical Importance.
W&F's work has implications beyond an explanation of radiation forces because the transfer of energy and the implied motion of matter are the most fundamental processes of science. Further, the concept that spherical waves from all matter of the universe perform the roles of charged particles suggests that the whole universe of particles is involved, i.e. Every charged particle is a structural part of the universe and the whole universe contributes to each charged particle. Their work pioneered the concept that every particle sends quantum waves outward, and receives an inward response from the universe. In hindsight, if they had used scalar quantum waves entirely, this paper would have appeared 55 years ago. A hair's breadth separates the false and true.
Research of wave structure. After 1945, particle physicists chose to work on post WWII weapons. Research on wave structure stopped until 1985 when Milo Wolff 8,9, using a scalar wave equation with spherical quantum wave solutions, found the Wave Structure of Matter described here. It successfully predicted the natural laws and the properties of the electron, except its spin. Below, this article describes the WSM, derives a physical origin of spin that accords with quantum theory and the Dirac Equation, and adds new results.
Part IV - The Wave Structure of Matter

The wave-structured electron, Figure 1, is termed a space resonance (SR) or Spherical Standing Wave (SSW). Space, that supposed void of which we formerly knew little, is the medium of the waves and the leading player in this new physics of the universe. The properties of electrons, other matter, and the laws they obey are derived from properties of the medium - space. Thus, space described by three principles, underlies our knowledge of the sciences.
12. Principle I. The Wave Equation (Space is a Wave-Medium and Propagates Wave-Motions)
This Principle describes how quantum waves are formed and travel in the space medium. The wave amplitudes are scalar numbers. If the medium is uniform, typical nearly everywhere, only spherical waves occur. If observed in relative motion, Doppler modulation and elliptical waves appear. If the medium is locally dense, as in the central region of a proton, waves circulate like sound waves in a drum or a crystalline sphere.
Principle I is:Quantum matter waves exist in space and are solutions of a scalar wave equation:
(1)
Where F is a scalar amplitude, c is the velocity of light, and t is the time. Its solutions in Figure 1, are a pair of spherical in/out waves that form the simple structure of the electron or positron. Being superimposed, they form a resonance in the space medium.
Outward wave = Fout = (1/r) F0 exp(iwt - kr)
Inward wave = Fin = (1/r) F0 exp(iwt + kr) (2)
These two waves can be combined in only two ways to form continuous spherical wave structures (See Figure 1) that form charged 'particles':
electron = Fin- Fout + CW spin
positron = Fout - Fin + CCW spin(3)
There are only two combinations of the two in/out waves which have opposite phase and spin rotation to form electrons and positrons. Thus matter is constituted of binary elements - like computer hardware. Although the variety of molecules and materials populating the universe is enormous, the building bricks are just two, a spherical In-Wave and a Spherical Out-Wave.
13. Properties of electron and positrons.
The two wave combinations contain all experimental electron-positron properties. Briefly, charge polarity depends on whether there is a + or - amplitude of the in-wave at the wave-center. If a resonance is superimposed upon an anti-resonance, they annihilate. The amplitude at the center is finite as observed, not infinite as in the Coulomb rule. Figure 3 shows a radial plot of the electron. Note that the maximum amplitude Ao is finite, not infinite as in the Coulomb 1/r rule. The properties of quantum mechanics (QM) and special relativity (SRT) are the result of the motion of one space resonance relative to another, which produces a Doppler shift in both the in- and out-waves. The Doppler shifted terms contain the parameters of QM and SRT for a moving particle; that is, the de Broglie wavelength of QM and the relativistic mass and momentum changes, appearing exactly as experimentally measured. More details are in the Math Appendix.

Figure 3.
14. Energy Transfer and the Action-at-a-Distance Paradox
An important property not previously known is the mechanism of energy exchange. Experience tells us that communication or acquisition of knowledge of any kind occurs only with an energy transfer. Storage of information, whether in a computer disk or in our brain, always requires an energy transfer. Energy is required to move a needle, to magnetize a tape, to stimulate a neuron. There are no exceptions. This rule of nature is embedded in biology and our instruments. Finding the energy transfer mechanism between particles is essential to understanding the natural laws.
The first hint of the mechanism of cosmological energy transfer was Ernst Mach's observation3 in 1883. He noticed that the inertia of a body depended on the presence of the visible stars. He asserted: 'Every local inertial frame is determined by the composite matter of the universe' and jokingly, 'When the subway jerks, it is the fixed stars that throw us down.' His deduction arose from two different methods of measuring rotation. First, without looking at the sky one can measure the centrifugal force on a rotating mass m and use the inertia law F = ma = mv2/r to find circumferential speed v and position, as in a gyroscope. The second method is to compare the object's angular position with the fixed (distant) stars. Both methods give exactly the same result. The inertia law appears to depend on the fixed stars!
Mach's Principle was criticized because it appeared to predict instantaneous action-at-a-distance across empty space. How can information travel from here to the stars and back again in an instant?
As Einstein observed; Forces acting directly and instantaneously at a distance, as introduced to represent the effects of gravity, are not in character with most of the processes familiar to us from everyday life.
The answer had to await the WSM where Nature's energy exchange mechanism, formerly unknown, is now seen as the interaction of waves in an ever-present universal medium of space. Space is not empty because, although we do not observe it easily, it is the quantum wave medium produced (See Principle II below) by waves from every particle in the universe as predicted by Mach's Principle long ago. The energy exchange of inertia, charge, and other forces are mediated by the presence of the space medium. There is no need to travel across the universe.
15. Principle II - Space Wave-Density Principle
This principle defines the quantum wave medium - space. It is fundamentally important because the properties of waves depend on properties of their medium. But, since the natural laws depend on the waves we deduce that the natural laws in turn depend on the medium. Thus, space - the medium - is the wellspring of everything.
Principle II is: At each point in space, waves from all particles in the universe combine their intensities to form the wave-density of space.

Space wave-density ~ mc2 = hf = k [SUM(Fn) 2/rn2)]

In other words, at every point in space, the frequency f or the mass m of a particle depends on the sum of squares of all wave amplitudes Fn from the N particles inside the 'Hubble universe'. Amplitude decreases inversely with their range rn squared. The 'Hubble Universe' has a radius R = c/H, where H is the Hubble constant.
This principle is a quantitative version of Mach's Principle because the space medium is the inertial frame of the law F=ma. When mass or charge is accelerated, energy exchange takes place between their waves and the surrounding space wave-medium. In hindsight, this is the mechanism of charge radiation, sought by Wheeler and Feynman5 in 1945, (though they incorrectly used vector e-m waves instead of scalar 'quantum' waves).
Because the number of particles, N ~ 1080, is large in the Hubble universe, the medium is nearly constant everywhere and we observe a nearly constant speed of light. But close to a large astronomical body like the Sun, the larger space density produces a measurable curvature of the paths of the inward and outward waves and thus of light and the motion of matter. We observe the curved paths as the effect of gravity described by Newton and the space curvature of Einstein's general relativity.
Unfortunately, due to Einstein's Special Relativity (where the velocity of light c is assumed to be constant) most scientists incorrectly assume c is always constant. In fact Einstein confirms that the constant velocity of Light is only true in non-accelerating systems (i.e. Special Relativity) - General Relativity (the real world of accelerating systems and thus Gravity) is founded on a changing velocity of Light in a Gravitational Field, which is in turn created by Matter. e.g. The curvature of the Light past the Sun. Thus he writes;
Special relativity is founded on the basis of the law of the constancy of the velocity of light. But the general theory of relativity cannot retain this law. On the contrary, we arrived at the result that according to this latter theory the velocity of light must always depend on the coordinates when a gravitational field is present.
16. The appearance and origin of Charge
Schrodinger predicted that charge was a shape in the structure of space. In the WSM this happens because the In-waves of an electron resonance are very large at their wave center due to the 1/r2 dependence. Thus space has a high Wave-Density near the resonance centers due to the large wave amplitude. The dense space at the central region propagates waves non-linearly (engineering jargon - in fact the wave-velocity changes!), which promotes energy transfer or coupling between two resonances. We observe this process and call it 'charge.' But as Schrodinger and Clifford wrote, there is no charge substance involved. It is a property of the wave structure at the center.
The high wave-density wave centers appear to us as the location of point charges becauseelectric force interactions occur there. The center wave amplitude is finite, as shown in Fig. 3 and not infinite as in the puzzling Coulomb law; otherwise the law is the same.
Origin of motion. The in-waves, on arrival at the wave-center, determine this location which we observe as the particle location. Thus any matter nearby, which changes the medium wave-density, also changes the in-wave velocity, thus changing the location of the wave-center which we observe as the motion of the 'particle'. This motion is observed as the force of gravity. (See Fig: 4) The acceleration of matter also changes the wavelengths (Doppler effect) and moves their center producing energy exchange (inertia) to the wave medium similar to the W&F response of the universe. This also produces Mach's Principle because the wave density of Space is a result of ALL the matter of the Universe.

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Physics Doppler Effect

Wave Structure of Matter (WSM) Deduces de Broglie Wavelength as Doppler Effect

Note: This page is under construction.
The Doppler Effect is a well known phenomena for both light and sound waves. What is not so well known is that the Doppler shift also explains the de Broglie Wavelength of Matter (discovered by Physics Professor Milo Wolff - see Milo Wolff video Interview below). And once we realise that both matter and light behave as Waves then it becomes relatively simple to show how the Spherical Wave Structure of Matter (WSM) in Absolute Space explains not only these Wave phenomena, but also the 'Particle' properties of both Light and Matter (see Introduction to the Wave Structure of Matter below).
I have not finished writing up this page, and thus an explanation of Radar is still lacking - suffice to say that once we understand the Wave Structure of Matter, and that it is Space (existing as a Wave Medium) that interconnects all matter, then it becomes obvious how Doppler shifts of these waves with relative motion of matter (as a Spherical Wave Structure) can be used to calculate the velocity of matter.
This Doppler effect has also been used to calculate the expansion of the universe (Hubble's discovery of the redshift with distance for light from stars). Unfortunately for modern Cosmology, the redshift with distance is actually caused by Huygens Principle (not Doppler shift) thus the universe is not expanding and there was no 'Big Bang' creation of the from 'nothing'!
You will find the complete explanations of this short introduction at the top of this page where there are links to the main Science Articles on Philosophy, Physics, Metaphysics, Truth and Reality explained from these new foundations of the Metaphysics of Space and Motion and the Wave Structure of Matter (i.e. not 'Particles' generating 'Fields' in 'Space' and 'Time'!).
Sincerely,
Geoff Haselhurst, January, 2005

Physics: Doppler Effect

Wave Structure of Matter (WSM) Deduces de Broglie Wavelength as Doppler Effect

1. Milo Wolff (1,100K) 'I was curious!' - On his lifelong (slightly obsessive) motivation to find the cause of the de Broglie wavelength of Quantum Theory. His discovery (in 1986) that a Spherical Wave Structure of Matter deduced Doppler shifts (due to relative motion of the Spherical In and Out-Waves and the Wave-Center) that correctly corresponded to the de Broglie Wavelength of matter. Of even more significance is the fact that within these same simple wave equations were the correct terms for the Frequency-Mass-Energy increases with Motion as deduced by Einstein' Special Relativity. Thus for the first time finding a fundamental theoretical and mathematical unification of these two famous theories. (REAL)
For more of the Digital Video Interview between Maths Physicist Dr. Milo Wolff and Philosopher Geoff Haselhurst go to;
Wolff-Wave-Structure-Matter (and below is a brief summary of his discovery)

(Wolff, 1990)
The Wave Structure of fundamental 'Particles' evolved over five years. It began with a simple speculation that Doppler shifts of waves in Space could explain the de Broglie wavelength. It continued to agree with more laws and observations than I first expected and I was amazed. The 'Particle' is two identical spherical waves travelling radially in opposite directions so that together they form a spherical standing wave. The wave which travels inward towards the center is called an In-Wave, and the wave travelling outward is an Out-Wave. The nominal location of the ‘Particle’ is the Wave-Center, but as must be true for any charged Particle, it has presence everywhere in Space because the charge forces extend throughout the Universe.
How do Solid Bodies form from Waves?
The solid crystal array is a matrix of atoms held rigidly in space. How are the atoms suspended in space? We must conclude that the crystal’s rigidity derives from fixed standing waves propagating in a rigid wave medium. Calculations for diamonds and nuclear structure yields an enormous rigidity. This is really a separate argument about the rigidity of space, which is one of its properties.
What is a Light 'Photon'?
Two Spherical Standing Waves (SSW) oscillators exchange energy much like classical coupled oscillators, such as electric circuits or joined pendulums. The coupling provided by the non-linear centers of the resonances (high Wave-Density Wave-Centers) allows them to shift frequency patterned by the modulation of each other's In and Out-Waves. Since significant coupling can only occur between two oscillators which possess the same resonant elements, the frequency (energy) changes are equal and opposite. This we observe as the law of conservation of energy. When opposite changes of frequency (energy ) take place between two resonances, energy seems to be transported from the center of one resonance to another. We observe a loss of energy where frequency decreases and added energy where it increases. The exchange appears to travel with the speed of the In-Waves of the receiving resonance which is c, the velocity of light. When large numbers of changes occur together, we can sample part of it and see a beam of light (which causes the continuous electromagnetic waves of Modern Physics). When single exchanges occur we see 'photons' as discrete Standing Wave interactions. Thus the transitory modulated waves travelling between two resonances create the illusion of the 'photon particle'.