
Originally Posted by
MJA
Nice work everyone,

Originally Posted by
MJA
"... Instead, he attempted to unify nature using the inadequate tools of measure that existed in his day and still exist today. He tried to unify theories of energy built with the same inadequacies or uncertainties. ... "
MJA
Dear MJA,
Your comments on measure are very relevant. The question comes down to whether or not a universal basis for measure is possible. Is there a universal standard from which all measurements can derive? Our measurements of time and space are quite arbitrary since they are derived a posteriori from physical observations in our solar system dating back some 5,000 years. Ancient systems of measurement were based on the numbers 6 and 10, such as the Mesopotamian “soss” (60) from which we inherit 60 seconds in a minute, 60 minutes in an hour, and 6x60 degrees in a circle. The ancients very probably had some means of making at least some solar system measurements as evidenced by coincidences generally well within 0.5% error. For example the radius of the earth is 6x660 miles, the distance to the moon is 6x60x660 miles, the diameter of the moon is 6x6x60 miles, the diameter of the sun is 666.6x6x6x6x6 miles and the average orbital speed of the earth is 66,660 miles per hour. The resonances apparent in the heavens are thus reflected in the choice of units for measuring space and time. It is very likely that these spiritually motivated cultures looked to the heavens for their standards when permanent structured civilizations emerged that required record keeping, and measurements, and the English system has ancient roots. The ancient standing stones could have provided fixed reference points to observe relative solar and lunar movements with respect to one another and fixed stars over long periods of time. Nevertheless these standards of measure are related locally to our solar system.
Relativity Theory itself has nothing to say about universal standards of measure apart from reconciling the universal speed of light in the chosen units of a continuous spacetime field with curvatures conditioned by concentrations of gravitational mass. The so-called “natural” Planck units of measurement derive from assumptions associated with Big Bang Cosmology and are many orders of magnitude beyond the reach of any possible observations now or ever. For example the Planck length is 20 orders of magnitude smaller than a proton radius. Hypothetical calculations of this kind can never find confirmation in phenomenal experience. From any psychological or philosophical perspective they can not be regarded as real, but rather belong to realms of speculative fantasy.
The only truly universal standard of measurement consistent with direct experimental observation that presents itself to my mind is necessarily associated with a discontinuous universe where atoms are projected as a series of still space frames. The only motion in each space frame is light transmission which defines a primary interval of time consistent with Planck’s universal constant h. Since all light derives in some way from within atoms it has a universal relationship with each atom, accounting for its constant speed of transmission. The maximum possible atomic diameter is defined by the ionization limit of the primary hydrogen atom. It is also indicated by the quantum requirement that the angular momentum of the electron in the first hydrogen orbit must be zero. (See Atoms & Space-time at www.cosmic-mindreach.com .) This defines the spherical inner space of the atom with respect to linear external space defined by light transmission in a primary interval of time. These factors implicitly define external space proportional to the internal space of the atom by the ratio h/2pi. It is known that the angular momentum of an orbiting electron must be an integral multiple of h/2pi. Classical units of space and time may thus be applied to the same fixed proportional relationship which is universal. This means that space and time are quantized accordingly. A primary interval of time expressed in classical units is readily calculated as 1.519x10^-16 seconds. And light defines space, frame by fame, by the distance it transmits relative to each atom in each successive frame of that duration. This interpretation of a basis of measure has already been well confirmed by direct phenomenal observations.
If this is not so then general relativity, based as it is on a continuum, must explain either of two alternatives: Why did the internal space of atoms not expand with the Big Bang, a condition necessary to make the relative expansion knowable? Or, how there can be an eternally constant spacetime continuum in a steady-state universe that defies gravitational collapse and that still accounts for the red shift? It must also explain Planck’s constant which directly indicates a fundamental discontinuity in space and time. In a discontinuous universe light transmits in a series of quantized pulses each pulse having a quantum of energy proportional to its frequency.