This is a chapter of a paper which is proposed as a model for theory of everything. For examining the principles, readers are either referred to look at the singularity as seperate entitiy in this library or to browse the whole paper at www.universaltheory.org.



String theory is proposed to resolve the inconsistencies between GTR and Quantum Mechanics. One of its main objectives is to solve the problem of so-called space-time singularities. It tries to define a kind of world that its boundaries stop at Planck distance. Uphill struggle has been done in order not to pass to sub planck distances and deny zeros and infinities. The theory tries to solve the singularity problem by assuming string shape for subatomic particles and assigning more dimensions to the space-time. Steven Hawking believes “All one can say is whether mathematical models with extra dimensions provide a good description of the universe. We do not yet have any observation that requires extra dimension for their explanation.” 6 p54

Although he does not completely reject it. He later mentions, “String theory is good for calculating what happens when a few high energy particles collide and scatter off each other. However, they are not of much use for describing how the energy of a very large number of particles curve the universe or forms a bond state” 6-p57

Underneath, I will address the occasions where String Theory faces the singularity (sub Planck length and time).

Brian Greene on The Elegant Universe suggests that the presence of singularities will not create any catastrophe. "Strominger then showed, with a simple and standard physic calculation, that the wrapped three-brane provides a tailor made shield that exactly cancels all of the potentially cataclysmic effects that string theorists have previously feared would occur if a three-dimensional sphere where to collapse.. In Strominger's paper, he had studied what happens when a three dimensional sphere pinches down to a point, and had shown that, the newfound extended object in string theory insures that physics continue to be perfectly well behaved." 1- page 324-325

In the same page, he says; "There is no catastrophic jump, spike or any unusual feature.........as the tear (in space-time universe) occurs. From the point of view of physics, the moment of tearing has no distinguishing characteristics." 1- page 281

(The universe could currently be in the midst of a spatial rupture. If it were occurring slowly enough, we would not even know it was happening.)

“Our work showed that a new massless pattern of string vibration arising from the space-tearing conifold transition is the microscopic description of mass- less particle into which the black hole has transmuted” 1- page 331

Etienne Klein & Marc Lachieze-Rey show how string theorists tried to open the field by adding extra dimensions in order to bypass singularities to no veil. Even after adding numerous hypothetical elements to physical world, they are still facing with singularities but from a new angle.

"One of the motivations of those who are working on this theory is to get rid of troublesome singularities in field theory calculations...Quantum Theory gets around these difficulties with a method that is as artificial as it is effective . It is called renormalization...(String Theory) deals from outset with the structure of space and elementary objects...Sure enough, problems of singularities show up in a totally different way in that string theory." 2-Page 123 In a way one can claim that, Singularity is the central dilemma of contemporary physics.

"The whole conflict between general relativity and quantum mechanics arises from sub-Planck- Length properties of the spatial fabric" (1, page 156)

String theory tells us: "there is a limit to how finely our conventional notion of distance can even be applied to the ultra microscopic structure of cosmos." (1- page 157).