Super String Theory

[Mohsen]

This is a chapter of a paper which is proposed as a model for theory of everything. For examining the principles, readers are either referred to look at the singularity as seperate entitiy in this library or to browse the whole paper at www.universaltheory.org.

Photo / NOVA

A Calabi-Yau shape: a two dimensional visualization of the six additional spatial dimensions required by string theory. (46)

String Theory

String theory is proposed to resolve the inconsistencies between GTR and Quantum Mechanics. One of its main objectives is to solve the problem of so-called space-time singularities. It tries to define a kind of world that its boundaries stop at Planck distance. Uphill struggle has been done in order not to pass to sub planck distances and deny zeros and infinities. The theory tries to solve the singularity problem by assuming string shape for subatomic particles and assigning more dimensions to the space-time. Steven Hawking believes “All one can say is whether mathematical models with extra dimensions provide a good description of the universe. We do not yet have any observation that requires extra dimension for their explanation.” 6 p54

Although he does not completely reject it. He later mentions, “String theory is good for calculating what happens when a few high energy particles collide and scatter off each other. However, they are not of much use for describing how the energy of a very large number of particles curve the universe or forms a bond state” 6-p57

Underneath, I will address the occasions where String Theory faces the singularity (sub Planck length and time).

Brian Greene on The Elegant Universe suggests that the presence of singularities will not create any catastrophe. "Strominger then showed, with a simple and standard physic calculation, that the wrapped three-brane provides a tailor made shield that exactly cancels all of the potentially cataclysmic effects that string theorists have previously feared would occur if a three-dimensional sphere where to collapse.. In Strominger's paper, he had studied what happens when a three dimensional sphere pinches down to a point, and had shown that, the newfound extended object in string theory insures that physics continue to be perfectly well behaved." 1- page 324-325

In the same page, he says; "There is no catastrophic jump, spike or any unusual feature.........as the tear (in space-time universe) occurs. From the point of view of physics, the moment of tearing has no distinguishing characteristics." 1- page 281

(The universe could currently be in the midst of a spatial rupture. If it were occurring slowly enough, we would not even know it was happening.)

“Our work showed that a new massless pattern of string vibration arising from the space-tearing conifold transition is the microscopic description of mass- less particle into which the black hole has transmuted” 1- page 331

Etienne Klein & Marc Lachieze-Rey show how string theorists tried to open the field by adding extra dimensions in order to bypass singularities to no veil. Even after adding numerous hypothetical elements to physical world, they are still facing with singularities but from a new angle.

"One of the motivations of those who are working on this theory is to get rid of troublesome singularities in field theory calculations...Quantum Theory gets around these difficulties with a method that is as artificial as it is effective . It is called renormalization...(String Theory) deals from outset with the structure of space and elementary objects...Sure enough, problems of singularities show up in a totally different way in that string theory." 2-Page 123 In a way one can claim that, Singularity is the central dilemma of contemporary physics.

"The whole conflict between general relativity and quantum mechanics arises from sub-Planck- Length properties of the spatial fabric" (1, page 156)

String theory tells us: "there is a limit to how finely our conventional notion of distance can even be applied to the ultra microscopic structure of cosmos." (1- page 157).
[BREAK]
Brian Greene rightly mentions that our conventional notion of distance cannot be applied on ultra-microscopic structure of space. If Planck length is the smallest unit of distance, anything less than that cannot have any distance. One can conclude that no notion of distance could be applied, being conventional or non-conventional, to Sub-Planck Sea. Particles in string theory are threads which we can see only one dimension of it (length). the other two other dimensions are out of our site. Point particles in quantum mechanics on the other hand, do not posses any dimension. Space-time settlers can not imagine a point with no-dimension. The materialistic way of thinking motivates the string theorists to assume wrapped and out of site dimensions to accommodate a realistic space-time thing. Above I suggested that we connect to singularity wherever there is no length (inside Planck Length and beyond the boundaries of universe). Quantum leap is constant communication between space-time universe and singularity. The particles (or trace of them, whatever it may mean) do not have any dimension when they are out of space-time In this view we do not need to assume dimensions being tangible or hidden for explaining some of the physical findings.

Why extra dimensions? because extra dimensions provide freedom. Imagine two dimension figures drawn on a piece of paper. They experience quite a lot of limitations. They do not enjoy the third dimension freedom. But one dimension added by Kalusa was not enough so string theorist had to add another 6 dimension to obtain the freedom to present their model. And in the year 1995 in order to explain why there are five different models of string theory which are contradicting each other and at the same time claiming to be the theory of everything, they introduced M-theory and took the liberty to add 7th extra dimension.

At one time even 26 dimensions were suggested. Please note that, no-dimension provides ultimate freedom and fulfil adherence with mathematical findings. We just need to free ourselves of notion of space dimensions and imagine no-dimension zone.

In my view trying to deny zero and infinity is avoiding the reality. So I have fundamental issues with string theory and because of that I am going to go very bold against it in the following paragraphs. Of course these are my personal opinions. Correct me if I am wrong. Please send an email or leave your input in message board.

String theorists question themselves; “Just as string theory shows that the conventional notion of zero- dimensional point particles appear to be a mathematical idealization that is not realized in real world, might it be the case that an indefinitely thin one dimensional strand is similarly a mathematical idealization.” 1- page 165

To find a solution they had to introduce extra dimension. That means that the thickness can be find in another dimension, but that dimension is wrapped and it is out of our sight. Also in order to find a solution for particle wave phenomena, String theorist assumed that the principle thing is a string. This way it can wave and at the same time it is a particle. Unfortunately just one extra dimension would not offer a flawless solution. so the hard work of string theorists during the past decade, produced more ingredients with a variety of different dimensions. But then where are the dimensions? They had to assume again that these dimensions are circular and wrapped together. Originally, string theorists assumed that the main dimensions are circular in big scale (spherical universe). So if they are circular, It means at the time of big bang, they where wrapped and as the universe expanded they opened up and created the dimensions that we observe. If that is the case, so may be there exists other dimensions which did not open up. Luckily these guess work might offer some solutions so string theorists may be able to avoid zeros. but with introduction of non-zero cosmological constant and flat universe now we know the three dimensions are linear and not circular. So the base of the assumption of wrapped extra dimension is trembling . Now what?

Brian Green states "What if the spatial dimensions are not circular in shape? Do these remarkable conclusions about minimal spatial extent in string theory still hold? No one knows for sure." p 254 ref 1

The string of assumptions does not stop here. There came basic loop and its different vibrational patterns which can give different mass and create the known subatomic particles. Of course we can arbitrary choose any frequency to create the desired vibration. Then there were problems of complicated calculations so they assumed that there are symmetries. Calculations on those symmetries were easier and achievable. Plus the strings are not visible so the whole idea is not testable. because of the fact, it never can be claimed as a theory. Super symmetry came to picture and the assumption that there are much bigger particles which are symmetric to small strings and hopefully in the future we can observe them.

With so many assumptions, one can find a solution for any kind of puzzle. Imagine you have the liberty to redesign a crossword puzzle by moving around the black squares to your will and also select your own words to place in the squares. Moreover, you have the liberty to choose the shape and the size of it. Solving the puzzle will get very easy this way. As the problems aroused more postulations came to rescue. Now we have built a fascinating theory which is mind wrenching and a good challenge for the boys to entertain themselves. Is this waste of talents and knowledge of brilliant physicists and mathematicians? We do not know. For solving the biggest question of century any path has to be explored. But this is my problem; The fundamental structure of our universe can not be this complicated.

Ray Salmonoff suggests “If a given set of facts about the world can be explained by more than one theory, how do we choose between them? …….The short answer is to use Occam's razor: you pick the theory with least number of independent assumptions.” 7-135

Maybe we we'd better accept point particles as the building blocks of the universe and take violent quantum jitters as the process of two-way transformation of matter and energy at Planck's Length (or Planks pores).

Helge Kragh questions String Theory: " Even on the theoretical level, there were several problems, namely, that theories were plagued by infinities and what are technically known as anomalies. Anomalies are terms that violate the symmetries or conservation laws when the theory is quantized. And therefore make the theory inconsistent....

...The entire development of super string unification was mathematical." 3-page 417

We try to close our eyes on those mathematical results, which we dislike. We have been selective and biased. It just added to our uncertainty and confusion. Maybe the time has come to revisit the issue.

Summary

Although String theory is the most popular model for theory of everything, It has its shortcomings. The theory is based on denying zero and singularities. It also employs frequent independent assumptions. At the same time it builds a complex and sophisticated fabric for space. In my view, because it tries to deny zero and infinity, it overlooks a main portion of reality.

An excellent series of videos in simple word presentation, was produces by Brian greene featuring Steven Weinberg and other great physicists. These videos explain String Theory in general public level. You can watch them at http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/elegant/program.html

References

1 - The Elegant Universe, Brian R. Greene, March 2000, Vintage Books

2 - The Quest for unity, Etienne Klein & Marc Lachieze-Rey, Oxford University Press, 1999

3 - Quantum Generations, Helge Kragh, Princeton University Press, 1999

6 - The Universe in a Nutshell, Stephen Hawking, 2001, Bantam Books

46 - http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/tt/200...2/elegant.html

This is a portion of a model for Theory of everything which is called universal theory. for studying the complete model, Please check

www.universaltheory.org

Please enter your comments in message board

©2004. All rights reserved.

[adel]

I printed it to read, I can back with a comment later.

thanks,

adel

[mkirkpatrick]

I like the string theory and the super one too,one reason is I suppose is that it reminds me of the aether that was popular a while ago.dimensions wrapped up
much like the idea of principles wrapped up in the involution sequence prior to manifestation of energy from the Protyle atom.When you finally unravel the string I bet you will discover mindful intention wrapped in a spiral of goodwill!



kind regards michael.

[michellemfry]

I can only imagine what Galeleo would have to say about extra dimensions. I like to believe he would have approved. Geometry lives on as the basis.

[baudrunner]

I like super symmetry theory. It makes everything the same at the most fundamental level. A superstring represents the convergence of all that becomes matter and energy beyond which analysis into greater depth yields nothing of substance.

[tornado_sun]

Well , I don't really care how deep or crucial the String Theory can be .and I don't want to hear that this theory whether accpeted in experiments or not is a clue for the next step of the TOE somewhat whatsoever .
What I need from a theory is that it has to explain why there is such event in the universe.We are slowly approaching a new modern era in physics which cannot be needed by the previous century physics.Even though it is connected to our past understandings but no point in it to continue the studies.
I am pretty sure that the post-modern physics will consist of several various sections - which is quite different from the structure of the current physics .
It will be in some ways like an artistic workshop in which different scientist have their different hypothesises correct and accpetable .
No joke in it .No fantasy or dardreaming.Mathematics as the grandfather of physics cannot be said not to beused anymore.It certainly will .but in completely different areas of science and universe.
Scientists won;t accept such physics but after their death , nearly 6 or 7 generations after them , the new physics will be happily born and start another war in science

[Mohsen]

Thank you for your intuition. Our knowledge of Physics as the core for cognition is evolving because of the efforts of scientists and enthusiasts.
No doubt, we will get a deeper knowledge of reality as time goes by.

Mohsen

[JamesANicholson]

How can you squeeze something down to zero?
If you squeeze something, wouldn't you just increase its potential spring-back?

And how can you divide something down to zero?
If you put all the divided pieces back together again, shouldn't you be able to account for all the pieces?

Or did I miss something where you can now destroy energy or matter?

I have a much simpler explanation. And I would love any feed back you might have to offer me. Take a look at my idea for a different way of looking at Gravity.

Here's a link to My ToE Thread:

http://www.toequest.com/forum/your-t...-geometry.html


Looking forward to comparing my ideas with String/M theory.


Best Wishes, James "Aaron" Nicholson

[JamesANicholson]

Mohsen, Hello--

When you Quoted these references, I couldn't resist a crack at it.

"The whole conflict between general relativity and quantum mechanics arises from sub-Planck- Length properties of the spatial fabric" (1, page 156)

String theory tells us: "there is a limit to how finely our conventional notion of distance can even be applied to the ultra microscopic structure of cosmos." (1- page 157).



Let me try something on to explain how this minimum Plank length might make sense whether in QM or The Standard Model.

At the very small, as energy is exiting the space of one atom or particle it can only go so far before it is entering into the space of another atom or particle. That distance would define a kind of limit to which you can't go any smaller without returning to something bigger. That distance for us here on Earth is the Plank distance; that is why it keeps showing up in the math.
When you squeeze the long skinny balloon at one end the other end gets bigger. It could just be exactly like that. With a sort of sub-atomic "pressure." Photonic Pressure. Composed of energies across the spectrum taken in conglomeration, all working together even as they are repeating and conserving their own individual frequencies.

Possible? That's my proposal.