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Newton's cannonball was a thought experimentIsaac Newton used to hypothesize that the force of gravity was universal, and it was the key force for planetary motion.

[edit] The experiment


In this experiment Newton visualizes a cannon on top of a very high mountain.
If there were no force of gravitation the cannonball should follow a straight line away from Earth.
So long as there is a gravitational force acting on the cannon ball, it will follow different paths depending on its initial velocity.

1. If the speed is low, it will simply fall back on Earth. (A and B)
2. If the speed equals some threshold orbital velocity it will go on circling around the Earth along a fixed circular orbit just like the moon. (C)
3. If the speed is higher than the orbital velocity, but not high enough to leave Earth altogether (lower than the escape velocity) it will continue rotating around Earth along an elliptical orbit. (D)
4. If the speed is very high, it will indeed leave Earth. (E)

Summarily, in the case of permanent orbit you are repelled away from 4-D MassField Earth and kept in (ever enlarging, spiral shaped) orbit by the 5th & 6th Dimensions of ElectroMagnetism. The ElectroMagnetic fields of the planets (for example) are reciprocally conflicting with the electromagnetic field of the Sun (emits about one billion tons of radiantly transitory energy every four minutes). Hence, planets cannot fall into the Sun; due to their mutual opposition from (and toward) it - and they cannot escape it either.


The retinue of planets arranged exactly about the sun, in the orders and orbits of Newton's indomitably calculated, universally gravitating retainer. Unarguably caused by a pulling force or a pushing force. Or, a combined pulling and pushing force. Mechanically pushing at near distances and electromagnetically pulling and/or pushing at far distances... (In Nature we find a positive charge projecting a repelling force, and a negative charge generating an impelling force).

Due to their reciprocal acceleration against each and others electromagnetic and/or radiation fields, extending beyond four dimensional matter; across space (acting at a distance). Fulfilling the definition for the fifth and sixth dimensions; as electromagnetism acting at a distance; commensurate with Newtonian-Einsteinian - and other formally proven and recognized and/or recognizable - definition(s) of universal gravity; including the presently abandoned now reinstated Cosmological Constant (unique from all other known forces because - unlike any other known force - it becomes stronger with increased distance; more will be said about this later...).


Another look at the structure of a snail or nautilus shell, and/or the arms of spiral galaxies (What an @ sign geometrically describes the structural shape of):
A consequence of this is the realization of the actual 4-D path of any orbiting body - electron, moon, planet - as compared to what we perceive in 3 presumably static Dimensions of Space. That is to say, because of the unrecognized 4-Dimensional acceleration of Matter, and the extensionally functional 5 & 6 Dimensional space separating it from other matter, the path of any orbiting body is not characteristically circular - O - or ellipsoidal - 0 - as it is 3-Dimensionally observed or understood to be.
Instead, the MassField Concept recognizes that the path in Space-Time of every orbiting body exists 4-Dimensionally as an accelerating - ever enlarging - spiral (@ - see immediate below illustration).
Where the distance of space opening up between the orbiting body and its point of orbit, is no more recognized and accounted for, than the ever ongoing physical enlargement of the orbiting body and its point of orbit (the dominant mass of two considered gravitational masses; each actually orbiting a common center of gravity between the two - or more - centers).
(Refer Illustration 10: 4-D HyperOrbital path.
Google: 'The ultimate logarithmic Spiral page (England)'

It is important to recognize that a spiral that does not exponentially enlarge, such as the 'Archimedes spiral', illustrated below (Google: 'Archimede's spiral') is not to be confused with the accelerating - exponentially enlarging/extrapolating - spiral illustrated here, above. It is the difference between uniform enlargement and non-uniform, accelerating enlargement - both of which are expanding, but only the above of which is accelerating - ever faster - in it's expansion.


Polar equation: r = a
SPECULATIVE NOTE:
The loss of 43° of arc per century in the elliptical extreme orbit of Mercury (the shortest of planetary years in the solar system) - and correspondingly more reduced losses for the planets correspondingly further from the Sun - appears resolvable in the (illustrated, uncompensated for) 4-D HyperOrbitalPath.

Likewise, the accelerating (equiangular) spiral - @ - as applied to Mendelyev's *Periodic Table Of Elements exhibits this structure. Very comparable to the shape of a spiraling snail shell, and/or internal structure of the mature *chambered nautilus (pompileus linnae). *Apparent natural manifestations of 4-D space-time. Expansively accelerating commonalty. Accelerating spirals commonly occur in biologically growing, 4-dimensionally expressed nature.

This example of planetary field reciprocally and physically conflicting with solar field, and lunar mass reciprocally and physically conflicting with hosting planetary field, is already directly experienced in the proven, acknowledged fact that two or more physical bodies never (surficially) contact each other. Due to conflicting field forces of surfaceless electrical charges: disallowing the simultaneous occupation of their space by any other field-charge.


An Expansive 4-D Thought Problem With a Dilatory Solution:

The realm of the very small - microcosms - is said to host strong forces acting at very short distances; that are not considered to be related to large, 'weak forces of gravity', said to exist only in very large spaces and act at large distances in the very large - macrocosmic - spaces and times. So it is presently and dominantly considered, in the macrocosmic realm of the very large, exemplary, planetary-generated forces.

Gravity is thought not to occur - significantly - in the microcosmic realm of the very small. Whereas, gravity, like Gold, is actually where you find it, and how much of it you find; in large and *small, tenuous and *compact electromagnetic densities (*refer, nuclear binding forces). Moving in one of two possible - direction(s). Toward and/or away (impelling or repelling) from its material (4-D particle/charge) source.